Re: [dtn] [EXTERNAL] Re: [Last-Call] Genart last call review of draft-ietf-dtn-bpbis-17

["Burleigh, Scott C (US 312B)" <[e-mail]>]

Thank you, Carsten.  Some notes in-line below.

Scott

-----Original Message-----
From: Carsten Bormann <[e-mail]> 
Sent: Saturday, November 9, 2019 12:31 AM
To: Burleigh, Scott C (US 312B) <[e-mail]>
Cc: [e-mail]; [e-mail]; [e-mail]; [e-mail]
Subject: Re: [dtn] [EXTERNAL] Re: [Last-Call] Genart last call review of draft-ietf-dtn-bpbis-17

On Nov 8, 2019, at 16:34, Burleigh, Scott C (US 312B) <scott.c.burleigh=[e-mail]> wrote:
> 
> I disagree.  From Wikipedia:
>  
> Unix time (also known as Epoch time, POSIX time,[1] seconds since the Epoch,[2] or UNIX Epoch time[3]) is a system for describing a point in time. It is the number of seconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch, that is the time 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970, minus leap seconds. Leap seconds are ignored,[4] 

There is a problem with this phrase.
You cannot “ignore” leap seconds if you want Posix time.
To the contrary, you need to subtract every single one of them from the number of seconds you count from the Epoch.

	-->  I see your point: Epoch time is simply the number of seconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch, period.  The "minus" is confusing; "omitting" would have been a little better.

	-->  If you don't have Epoch time, and instead only have UTC, then in order to convert from UTC to the equivalent Epoch time you have to add to your UTC value the applicable number of leap seconds; UTC runs slightly behind Epoch time because it counts more seconds (the leap seconds), which Epoch time does not count.  (At the moment of leap second insertion it takes 2 seconds for UTC to advance from 23:59:59 to 00:00:00 [because the advance from 23:59:59 to 23:59:60 is additionally counted], while over that same 2-second interval the Epoch time will have advanced from 23:59:59 to 00:00:01.)  If you have Epoch time, then in order to convert from Epoch time to the equivalent UTC you have to subtract from your Epoch time value the applicable number of leap seconds, thus retroactively "counting" them.

Leap seconds are actively *not counted*, not “ignored”.
Of course, if you think “ignore” means “not count”, you will think the sentence makes sense.

	-->  Yes.  The sentence could have been written more clearly.

There are time scales that don’t know about leap seconds, such as TAI or GPS (*).
Posix time does know about leap seconds, it needs them to be mostly compatible with civil time (UTC).

(*) The GPS signal indicates the accumulated number of leap seconds since GPS epoch *along with* the monotonic time in GPS time scale (that “ignores” the fact that there are leap seconds).

Sorry for overstressing the semantics here, but from teaching I know that half of the people understand “ignore” as “do not take any notice of”, as TAI does, and only the other half understands that you mean “do not count” as an explicit act of “ignoring”, as in Posix time.

	-->  You're right, an important clarification.

> For example, “The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Rationale: Base Definitions”, section A.4 (General Concepts) says “Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) includes leap seconds. However, in POSIX time (seconds since the Epoch), leap seconds are ignored (not applied) to provide an easy and compatible method of computing time differences.”

“Not applied” has the same problem, maybe slightly less so.

You “apply” leap seconds to Posix time by *not counting* them.

> I am happy to agree that an operating system’s implementation of the time() function may typically obtain accurate UTC time (from GPS or NTP) and subtract the leap seconds out of that value to obtain Epoch time, and in this sense the implementation of the time() function is typically dependent on information about leap seconds.
>  
> But that is an implementation expedient, which BP does not care about.  What BP cares about is expressing time as a number of seconds that have elapsed since the Epoch (minus an offset, the number of seconds elapsed from the Epoch to midnight 1 January 2000 UTC).  The manner in which that value is generated doesn’t matter to the protocol.

That is correct, but it means you can’t have a BP node that doesn’t know about leap seconds (either explicitly or by periodically resetting its clock to the Posix representation of civil time, which in many cases you do anyway because of clock drift).

	-->  Not quite true.  You *can* have a BP node that doesn't know about leap seconds, though I admit that this may not be common.  If the only way to implement the function that returns the current DTN time is to consult UTC time and back the leap seconds out then yes, you need to know about leap seconds.  But if the function that returns the current DTN time does so by consulting an accurate local clock that monotonically increases the count of seconds since the Epoch -- which is, for example, what all deep-space spacecraft clocks effectively do -- then no knowledge of leap seconds is needed.

	-->  Spacecraft clocks have been notoriously unstable in the past, but that is changing.  Radiation-hardened on-board electronics are increasingly reliable.  At the outer edge of what we might contemplate in the near term is the deep-space atomic clock, the first instance of which launched in June (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/clock/index.html).  It may fairly be argued that an atomic clock the size of a toaster oven, massing 16 kg, is far too large and expensive to deploy on a Cubesat.  I think we find, though, that useful devices like these tend to become smaller and less costly as markets for them emerge.

Grüße, Carsten