[Roll] Load balancing problem in RPL

"Qasem, Mamoun" <M.Qasem@napier.ac.uk> Thu, 10 November 2016 23:35 UTC

Return-Path: <M.Qasem@napier.ac.uk>
X-Original-To: roll@ietfa.amsl.com
Delivered-To: roll@ietfa.amsl.com
Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by ietfa.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id B799312988C for <roll@ietfa.amsl.com>; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 15:35:13 -0800 (PST)
X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com
X-Spam-Flag: NO
X-Spam-Score: -1.921
X-Spam-Level:
X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.921 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[BAYES_00=-1.9, DKIM_SIGNED=0.1, DKIM_VALID=-0.1, HTML_MESSAGE=0.001, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE=-0.0001, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_H3=-0.01, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_WL=-0.01, SPF_HELO_PASS=-0.001, SPF_PASS=-0.001] autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no
Authentication-Results: ietfa.amsl.com (amavisd-new); dkim=pass (1024-bit key) header.d=livenapierac.onmicrosoft.com
Received: from mail.ietf.org ([4.31.198.44]) by localhost (ietfa.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id aMQDmuNrfTwz for <roll@ietfa.amsl.com>; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 15:35:09 -0800 (PST)
Received: from EUR02-HE1-obe.outbound.protection.outlook.com (mail-eopbgr10056.outbound.protection.outlook.com [40.107.1.56]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by ietfa.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 421631296DD for <roll@ietf.org>; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 15:35:07 -0800 (PST)
DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=livenapierac.onmicrosoft.com; s=selector1-napier-ac-uk; h=From:Date:Subject:Message-ID:Content-Type:MIME-Version; bh=1UU6EybyZO9YDpvhcv+SL1mw8F8ynOcuk/oirQGkywk=; b=CI83sgltOQd3WH7jKy+cLbpoAJr8u8L0/R1TZsGUNW6OYIu5qfRqISLCidY0gQnBKGBXpKd6i1WW4lFhJ0yl+x5IqVzYy7GRiCtu1gG4LYCnKbRkrXYC61Gs5z+xcG0zEvor2U29a+xDbxzqu1LQhMP4lp/V9LTOqspcLN3G6Vc=
Received: from VI1PR01CA0034.eurprd01.prod.exchangelabs.com (10.162.116.44) by AM5PR0101MB2371.eurprd01.prod.exchangelabs.com (10.169.240.149) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2, cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384_P384) id 15.1.707.6; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:35:02 +0000
Received: from AM1FFO11FD048.protection.gbl (2a01:111:f400:7e00::154) by VI1PR01CA0034.outlook.office365.com (2a01:111:e400:587b::44) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2, cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384_P384) id 15.1.707.6 via Frontend Transport; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:35:02 +0000
Authentication-Results: spf=pass (sender IP is 146.176.4.2) smtp.mailfrom=napier.ac.uk; ietf.org; dkim=none (message not signed) header.d=none;ietf.org; dmarc=bestguesspass action=none header.from=napier.ac.uk;
Received-SPF: Pass (protection.outlook.com: domain of napier.ac.uk designates 146.176.4.2 as permitted sender) receiver=protection.outlook.com; client-ip=146.176.4.2; helo=MER-EXCH2.napier.ac.uk;
Received: from MER-EXCH2.napier.ac.uk (146.176.4.2) by AM1FFO11FD048.mail.protection.outlook.com (10.174.65.211) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_0, cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA_P384) id 15.1.707.3 via Frontend Transport; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:35:01 +0000
X-IncomingTopHeaderMarker: OriginalChecksum:; UpperCasedChecksum:; SizeAsReceived:790; Count:15
Received: from MER-EXCH1.napier.ac.uk ([fe80::f936:ca4b:b8b2:23c3]) by MER-EXCH2.napier.ac.uk ([fe80::c4c:e335:b1d8:973c%15]) with mapi id 14.03.0266.001; Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:35:00 +0000
From: "Qasem, Mamoun" <M.Qasem@napier.ac.uk>
To: "roll@ietf.org" <roll@ietf.org>
Thread-Topic: Load balancing problem in RPL
Thread-Index: AQHSO6sKUAYmSxd3qU+Acz0MTtXc4g==
Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:34:54 +0000
Message-ID: <CEB42D9A3A97D8429B05740EDE4119C50620D167@MER-EXCH1.napier.ac.uk>
Accept-Language: en-US, en-GB
Content-Language: en-US
X-MS-Has-Attach: yes
X-MS-TNEF-Correlator:
x-originating-ip: [146.176.9.241]
Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="_004_CEB42D9A3A97D8429B05740EDE4119C50620D167MEREXCH1napiera_"
MIME-Version: 1.0
X-IncomingHeaderCount: 15
X-EOPAttributedMessage: 0
X-Forefront-Antispam-Report: CIP:146.176.4.2; IPV:CAL; SCL:-1; CTRY:GB; EFV:NLI; SFV:NSPM; SFS:(10009020)(6009001)(7916002)(2980300002)(438002)(189002)(199003)(53754006)(21480400002)(84326002)(5640700001)(4610100001)(4620100001)(2351001)(512944002)(106116001)(66066001)(6916009)(110136003)(6666003)(107886002)(5660300001)(7696004)(42882006)(8936002)(5890100001)(5260100001)(2501003)(33656002)(5250100002)(567704001)(189998001)(55846006)(106466001)(87936001)(8676002)(74482002)(1730700003)(86362001)(568964002)(626004)(450100001)(99936001)(2906002)(2920100001)(53416004)(2900100001)(586003)(2930100002)(50986999)(6116002)(102836003)(26826002)(3846002)(54356999)(2476003)(356003)(7736002)(246002)(104016004)(92566002)(7636002)(7846002); DIR:OUT; SFP:1101; SCL:1; SRVR:AM5PR0101MB2371; H:MER-EXCH2.napier.ac.uk; FPR:; SPF:Pass; PTR:mer-exch2.napier.ac.uk; MX:1; A:1; LANG:en;
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM1FFO11FD048; 1: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
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 2:OawX/RjmBpnkxVLRB/37RCeSOPE6ohN75mMxJ8sl2r1J7OoWLyHtp+3JWP648Naq2EKwoz/sSjNZ09gkreASO8y8FMUb/rYm4r2GdUhZQNfbnPrMpSre2CVWRw+3Dw5z19lOzUNh1OmAJjZmX/4YLcujp8pvbiY208H491Fo6Js=; 3:oO9JasARiEZriN24+vV3f2STwnj0t2fj33cXNID+Gr8CFlokIBLVzI3yyWvwnw+zJHcYWjE1UN9+Fi6F8Q3uVPKnOI+EL7aUg8XF7U+DpA8+o4skdh+1UHfG2fB8i8DeOXCsSqk22Nh7leAGGTV4TkkM2/XUen/ezdho/QIbcthRqS32092qB4W0GuFDOQlOF8IyDaytm3ZEsWoSF3zmx7g9vi8ZOGCmpICiHLl8dDiNKjOHYQeWsMFC7XhlRqPF9f7Z2hiDC197zVxmd5cBV4tjuN4pUK0jq+cWKkLOKYk=
X-MS-Office365-Filtering-Correlation-Id: a7e17dc2-10ca-438c-2229-08d409c23125
X-Microsoft-Antispam: UriScan:; BCL:0; PCL:0; RULEID:(22001)(8251501002); SRVR:AM5PR0101MB2371;
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 25:lomSb3Fy9Ko8lbCfSiUYF0oNUWNqS2MrF2ZrjpCcIFZ2Ye4rvjFcwL/tWG1Obz1npWIefI8svHLcmO9PHmHSTBuPdhOsBaqiMrYcP5Kr9WSf1AEdGF7Lcoq6gsAaS06Tj1rW2AcmZVCKTkSqwTsz3/rJgJlMu6XhLSNouxA2tNdlslUNziFIpVc7a9QGFjPfh+AVxvTDLUyDG3lkRObqX5gfWHIiw2BRxXHpCawiDpHzsFRYerCG18lCHTiq9V3q18lalelqRPY2CyRkUqTtgSt0Mhbw2ze0ILn+2AkSrsYo6sqYaD9KcTYiwZjVwWkJ9oTXHz17wFXacSs+Mf2xbrymHJA3vCSYFobnMuRr19ZreJ/dHV+/MVzmVYJJceD10/0Sa1RvmHDtrHP51hEVWcub2ybTCGvASAR6rxyeb6HGqIEQZ6nNd17q7S2zB9FRlHIETWnL7pzYqFOonL0DnawmD6u8Hxe6QgiuGdL210gN0QyI5qd5L0GjTgjn4Tk/Eu9rL/wHYySO+yCYgxMBRGimi8DLsyVxixep3ZEPyI4=; 31:+tkHzQ9YTlpV88qzVu/V6TmfVozyw5pldeKNo4ldRvnPzMBDuZiI0+ysXZB20SkZuad9Wz83rWb3jtSAfXaYFoTCfw540fTDg/LwE+T4jQ2Njg20S7XJCp9i9RZR/+FNP+bnRZFU1wFi4yfdy4tAXy0gphPhMLo8AghZ1ymhiV8qNr6mwW6oly+LTIdJTfWc94epw697LmxbwW0VWNHOYZWxd1wdtRNc8peASgrbiZ1hizSb0L0rHFsx0q2KLLl3RghQ4so2j4MXs8C97E1s0F0KHVpJ+mXvFOSwS8wczhY=
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 20: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
X-Microsoft-Antispam-PRVS: <AM5PR0101MB237118CA267BD3123EA56EBACFB80@AM5PR0101MB2371.eurprd01.prod.exchangelabs.com>
X-Exchange-Antispam-Report-Test: UriScan:(72170088055959);
X-Exchange-Antispam-Report-CFA-Test: BCL:0; PCL:0; RULEID:(102415386)(6040176)(601004)(2401047)(13023025)(13020025)(5005006)(13024025)(13013025)(8121501046)(3002001)(10201501046); SRVR:AM5PR0101MB2371; BCL:0; PCL:0; RULEID:; SRVR:AM5PR0101MB2371;
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 4: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
X-Forefront-PRVS: 01221E3973
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 23: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
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 6:1mYbtbbsSzLo2ga6B4UB7JsWwmcXmZ1i1Ef+u1X9hTuobiZOWbXKYur2AykDAiI9HcobktqHGRqS6OduQPL5Z+HZ8nOnLTAr/mAH8I/EBJAv729DnHNz6dvx044OEHlQzlMny1W1wQST7NrxGj82R5UBElsy5RPZsoRRyLUVb2zi9nAZDzliM0T3l/PJbnK/LDPb/k+ygU4QsV5O57m5QJYlpi+GFh9ZtnJsUTIg30Nj4MZDPJyYpO9Pt8Eq9lMmAPkP8bLdZQA0ZaHuD01a9wvNwQ1tK2hgudQygFUm7n0sZzQQsVLZ/aS0RyMk2HOC; 5:A3O2KpJ858cRas3//7FPGX457u2MO+Lgq1TsoLCKZ7sUqYxjhzP3XiMfcTmbGStAv/89KZ3n6sldMMyqijr0WzlbMkq4OzJO44BTYkYzAwGFcWut5tW1L2totKoGPenVhKl2DbTjlt/3zPSAnZQQzw==; 24:kEkGnht9Yn0Ev0gGsedTs0Q41zueSYe82sc3dNLHE0fC/8HrVqDynTZeRZvc6qL3Buf59Oam06LJim+6OWipTk9t69TAoehwyqLQHq9vXis=
SpamDiagnosticOutput: 1:99
SpamDiagnosticMetadata: NSPM
X-Microsoft-Exchange-Diagnostics: 1; AM5PR0101MB2371; 7:LbXK9nZxaWVsCukNHrXH+WXhxapnurTOVq905uRojXql19X9+V5S4t+ezsWDz5guCgCt7j4uENZejlmuzAQDaeFbp40Bm2R8WR8779Ux0P8Hr/vY7UfYvzJ1BKvL6nxIIBoJg/8vCdoTvSEM5ZmRkO1M046ztUKmlO+G6jPEeieHHODF8fzqlxwpMEfgmw7onCMIKugJ/kWGA/nPY8wTWDTsE3+sVTU0jMrJY6VO03M0qGu2OPy+UPQNTl1lxW2D2ZIZdW5lK8RJ96gwo4UPjISXYL9z7/mmRxB6Y62CaRVtEqlxZjQ5a18VjIYhTiF01/5stYhndodqPgZReSqbaCLUjzTmeUqzVZnP8hv14RA=
X-OriginatorOrg: napier.ac.uk
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-OriginalArrivalTime: 10 Nov 2016 23:35:01.5629 (UTC)
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-Id: 99e0dc58-9c4b-4820-8617-04c386c254c6
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-OriginalAttributedTenantConnectingIp: TenantId=99e0dc58-9c4b-4820-8617-04c386c254c6; Ip=[146.176.4.2]; Helo=[MER-EXCH2.napier.ac.uk]
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-FromEntityHeader: HybridOnPrem
X-MS-Exchange-Transport-CrossTenantHeadersStamped: AM5PR0101MB2371
Archived-At: <https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/msg/roll/umzyBTcoqVE7EMqse8YtSayiquc>
X-Mailman-Approved-At: Fri, 11 Nov 2016 08:09:42 -0800
Subject: [Roll] Load balancing problem in RPL
X-BeenThere: roll@ietf.org
X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.17
Precedence: list
Reply-To: Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks <roll@ietf.org>
List-Id: Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks <roll.ietf.org>
List-Unsubscribe: <https://www.ietf.org/mailman/options/roll>, <mailto:roll-request@ietf.org?subject=unsubscribe>
List-Archive: <https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/roll/>
List-Post: <mailto:roll@ietf.org>
List-Help: <mailto:roll-request@ietf.org?subject=help>
List-Subscribe: <https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/roll>, <mailto:roll-request@ietf.org?subject=subscribe>
X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 10 Nov 2016 23:35:14 -0000

Hi all,

I propose a novel technique to balance the load in RPL, I attached my paper for further details and a brief of what I have done in the following abstract.

Cheers,
Mamoun Qasem

Abstract— Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) have a crucial role in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. For the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL), two objective functions (OF) have been standardized so far, namely (Objective Function zero (OF0), and the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). However, these particular objective functions are used to build a topology where bottleneck nodes may suffer from an excessive unbalanced traffic load. As a result, a part of the network may be disconnected as the energy of the overburdened preferred parent node will drain much faster than other candidate parent nodes. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new objective function that balances the number of children nodes for the overburdened nodes to ensure node lifetime maximization. To implement this OF, we amended the DIO message format. By using a new utilization technique, we also mitigated any potential extra overhead. Finally, a new RPL metric has been introduced to balance the traffic load over the network. Simulation experiments have been conducted to examine the performance of our new approach. Collected results corroborate the superiority of our objective function over the existing ones in terms of lifetime, power consumption and packet delivery ratio.

This message and its attachment(s) are intended for the addressee(s) only and should not be read, copied, disclosed, forwarded or relied upon by any person other than the intended addressee(s) without the permission of the sender. If you are not the intended addressee you must not take any action based on this message and its attachment(s) nor must you copy or show them to anyone. Please respond to the sender and ensure that this message and its attachment(s) are deleted.

It is your responsibility to ensure that this message and its attachment(s) are scanned for viruses or other defects. Edinburgh Napier University does not accept liability for any loss or damage which may result from this message or its attachment(s), or for errors or omissions arising after it was sent. Email is not a secure medium. Emails entering Edinburgh Napier University's system are subject to routine monitoring and filtering by Edinburgh Napier University.

Edinburgh Napier University is a registered Scottish charity. Registration number SC018373