Re: [gaia] draft-manyfolks: loose definition of "traditional network"

[Steve Song <[e-mail]>]

On Mon, Feb 16, 2015 at 12:36 PM, Jose Saldana <[e-mail]> wrote:

> Hi all.
>
> I need your opinion (and your help) about this: Mat suggests to include a
> loose definition of a "traditional network", in order to compare the
> alternatives with it.
>
> > > 2.  Classification
> > >
> > >    This section classifies Alternative Networks (ANs) according to
> their
> > >    intended usage.  Each of them has different incentive structures,
> > >    maybe common technological challenges, but most importantly
> > >    interesting usage challenges which feeds into the incentives as well
> > >    as the technological challenges.
> > >
> > >    This classification is agnostic from the technical point of view.
> > >    Technology in this case must be taken as implementation.  Moreover,
> > >    many of these networks are implemented in a way that several
> > >    technologies (Ad-Hoc Wi-Fi, Infrastructure Wi-Fi, Optical Fiber,
> > >    IPv4, IPv6, RFC1918, OLSR, BMX6, etc.) coexist.
> >
> > I wonder if it might be helpful for the reader to include a loose
> definition of
> > 'traditional' network, to compare these alternatives with. What is the
> defining
> > characteristic that makes these alternatives different?
>
> What about something like this?:
>
> In this document we will use the term "traditional networks" to denote
> those
> where a telecommunications company deploys an infrastructure and offers it
> to the end users, who pay a subscription fee to be connected and make use
> of
> it. The company is usually the owner and the manager of the infrastructure.
>

This definition would appear to exclude small entrepreneurs who might do
just that.  I think the distinction of "traditional networks" lies
somewhere in

- scale, large networks spanning entire regions
- top-down control of the network, non-decentralised
- substantial investment in infrastructure.

Cheers... Steve



> Thanks in advance,
>
> Jose
>
>
> > -----Mensaje original-----
> > De: Matthew Ford [mailto:[e-mail]]
> > Enviado el: viernes, 06 de febrero de 2015 12:57
> > Para: Jose Saldana
> > CC: [e-mail]
> > Asunto: Re: [gaia] New Version Notification for
> draft-manyfolks-gaia-community-
> > networks-02.txt
> >
> > Hi Jose,
> >
> > > On 21 Jan 2015, at 17:21, Jose Saldana <[e-mail]> wrote:
> > >
> > > Hi all,
> > >
> > > We have just updated (and uploaded) a new version of the "Manyfolks
> draft":
> > Alternative Network Deployments. Taxonomy and characterization.
> > >
> > > URL:
> http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-manyfolks-gaia-community-
> > networks-02.txt
> > >
> >
> > 8< snip >8
> >
> > >
> > > If you want to have a look to it and send your comments, it would be
> fine.
> > >
> >
> > Sure!
> >
> > A general observation: I find the taxonomical aspect a bit lacking at
> present. I would
> > like to have a sharper identification of the characteristics of
> identified
> alternative
> > network types that distinguishes them. Is it the commercial model? Is it
> the
> > centralisation or decentralisation of network management? The
> descriptions
> are fine
> > as far as they go, but if there's something unique about the different
> types that
> > clearly distinguishes them it would help to call that out better. Maybe a
> matrix of the
> > various identified types of network and some of the important
> characteristics would
> > be appropriate.
> >
> > Some more detailed comments inline:
> >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Global Access to the Internet for All                    J. Saldana,
> Ed.
> > > Internet-Draft                                    University of
> Zaragoza
> > > Intended status: Informational                            A.
> Arcia-Moret
> > > Expires: July 25, 2015                          Universidad de Los
> Andes
> > >                                                                 B.
> Braem
> > >
>  iMinds
> > >                                                               L.
> Navarro
> > >                                                 U. Politecnica
> Catalunya
> > >                                                          E.
> Pietrosemoli
> > >
>  ICTP
> > >                                                            C.
> Rey-Moreno
> > >                                           University of the Western
> Cape
> > >                                                          A.
> Sathiaseelan
> > >                                                  University of
> Cambridge
> > >                                                               M.
> Zennaro
> > >                                                         Abdus Salam
> ICTP
> > >                                                         January 21,
> 2015
> > >
> >
> > Please review: https://www.rfc-editor.org/policy.html#policy.authlist
> >
> > I suggest you may want to consider identifying a single Editor and moving
> other
> > authors to a Contributing authors section.
> >
> > >
> > >     Alternative Network Deployments.  Taxonomy and characterization
> >
> > Given how much of the document is dedicated to discussing the
> technologies
> > employed in alternative networks, and their architecture, I wonder about
> extending
> > the title, e.g.
> >
> > "Alternative Networks: Taxonomy, characterization, technologies and
> architectures"
> >
> > >                draft-manyfolks-gaia-community-networks-02
> > >
> > > Abstract
> > >
> > >    This document presents a taxonomy of "Alternative Network
> > >    deployments", and a set of definitions and shared characteristics.
> >
> > It also discusses the technologies employed in these network deployments,
> and their
> > differing architectural characteristics.
> >
> > >    This term includes a set of network access models emerged in the
> last
> >
> > s/models emerged/models that have emerged/
> >
> > >    decade with the aim of bringing Internet connectivity to people,
> > >    using topological, architectural and business models different from
> > >    the so-called "traditional" ones, where a company deploys the
> network
> >
> > s/deploys/deploys or leases/
> >
> > >    infrastructure for connecting the users, who pay for it.
> >
> > Maybe s/who pay for it/who pay a subscription fee to be connected and
> make
> use
> > of it/
> >
> > >    Several initiatives throughout the world have built large scale
> > >    networks that are alternative to the traditional network operator
> > >    deployments using predominately wireless technologies (including
> long
> >
> > s/predominately/predominantly
> >
> > >    distance) due to the reduced cost of using the unlicensed spectrum.
> > >    Wired technologies such as Fiber are also used in some of these
> > >    alternate networks.  There are several types of such alternate
> > >    network: networks such as community networks are self-organized and
> > >    decentralized networks wholly owned by the community; networks owned
> > >    by individuals who act as wireless internet service providers
> > >    (WISPs), networks owned by individuals but leased out to network
> > >    operators who use such networks as a low-cost medium to reach the
> > >    underserved population and finally there are networks that provide
> > >    connectivity by sharing wireless resources of the users.
> > >
> > >    The emergence of these networks can be motivated by different causes
> > >    such as the reluctance, or the impossibility, of network operators
> to
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 1]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    provide wired and cellular infrastructures to rural/remote areas.
> In
> > >    these cases, the networks have self sustainable business models that
> > >    provide more localised communication services as well as Internet
> > >    backhaul support through peering agreements with traditional network
> > >    operators.  Some other times, networks are built as a complement and
> > >    an alternative to commercial Internet access provided by
> > >    "traditional" network operators.
> > >
> > >    The present classification considers different existing network
> > >    models such as Community Networks, open wireless services, user-
> > >    extensible services, traditional local Internet Service Providers
> > >    (ISPs), new global ISPs, etc.  Different criteria are used in order
> > >    to build a classification as e.g., the ownership of the equipment,
> > >    the way the network is organized, the participatory model, the
> > >    extensibility, if they are driven by a community, a company or a
> > >    local (public or private) stakeholder, etc.
> > >
> > >    According to the developed taxonomy, a characterization of each kind
> > >    of network is presented, in terms of specific network
> characteristics
> > >    related to architecture, organization, etc.
> > >
> > > Status of This Memo
> > >
> > >    This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
> > >    provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
> > >
> > >    Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
> > >    Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
> > >    working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
> > >    Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
> > >
> > >    Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
> months
> > >    and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
> > >    time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
> > >    material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
> > >
> > >    This Internet-Draft will expire on July 25, 2015.
> > >
> > > Copyright Notice
> > >
> > >    Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
> > >    document authors.  All rights reserved.
> > >
> > >    This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
> > >    Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
> > >    (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
> > >    publication of this document.  Please review these documents
> > >    carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
> respect
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 2]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
> > >    include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
> > >    the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
> > >    described in the Simplified BSD License.
> > >
> > > Table of Contents
> > >
> > >    1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  4
> > >      1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  5
> > >    2.  Classification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  5
> > >      2.1.  Community Networks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  5
> > >        2.1.1.  Free Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  6
> > >      2.2.  Wireless Internet Service Providers WISPs . . . . . . . .
>  7
> > >      2.3.  Shared infrastructure model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  7
> > >      2.4.  Crowdshared approaches, led by the people and third party
> > >            stakeholders  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  8
> > >      2.5.  Testbeds for research purposes  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
>  9
> > >    3.  Scenarios where Alternative Networks are deployed . . . . . .
>  9
> > >      3.1.  Digital Divide and Alternative Networks . . . . . . . . .
>  9
> > >      3.2.  Urban vs. rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 11
> > >    4.  Technologies employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 12
> > >      4.1.  Wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 12
> > >      4.2.  Wireless  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 12
> > >        4.2.1.  Antennas  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 13
> > >        4.2.2.  Link length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 14
> > >          4.2.2.1.  Line-of-Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 14
> > >          4.2.2.2.  Transmitted and Received Power  . . . . . . . . .
> 15
> > >          4.2.2.3.  Medium Access Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 16
> > >        4.2.3.  Layer 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 16
> > >          4.2.3.1.  802.11 (Wi-Fi)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 16
> > >          4.2.3.2.  GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 18
> > >          4.2.3.3.  Dynamic Spectrum  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 18
> > >    5.  Network and architecture issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 20
> > >      5.1.  Layer 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 20
> > >        5.1.1.  IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 20
> > >        5.1.2.  Routing protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 20
> > >          5.1.2.1.  Traditional routing protocols . . . . . . . . . .
> 21
> > >          5.1.2.2.  Mesh routing protocols  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 21
> > >      5.2.  Upper layers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 21
> > >        5.2.1.  Services provided by Alternative Networks . . . . . .
> 22
> > >          5.2.1.1.  Intranet services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 22
> > >          5.2.1.2.  Access to the Internet  . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 23
> > >      5.3.  Topology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 23
> > >    6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 24
> > >    7.  Contributing Authors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 24
> > >    8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 25
> > >    9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 25
> > >    10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 25
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 3]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >      10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 25
> > >      10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 28
> > >    Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
> 32
> > >
> > > 1.  Introduction
> > >
> > >    Several initiatives throughout the world have built large scale
> > >    networks that are alternative to the traditional network operator
> > >    deployments using predominately wireless technologies (including
> long
> >
> > s/predominately/predominantly
> >
> > >    distance) due to the reduced cost of using the unlicensed spectrum.
> > >    Wired technologies such as Fiber are also used in some of these
> > >    alternate networks.  There are several types of such alternate
> > >    network: networks such as community networks are self-organized and
> > >    decentralized networks wholly owned by the community; networks owned
> > >    by individuals who act as wireless internet service providers
> > >    (WISPs), networks owned by individuals but leased out to network
> > >    operators who use such networks as a low cost medium to reach the
> > >    underserved population and finally there are networks that provide
> > >    connectivity by sharing wireless resources of the users.
> > >
> > >    The emergence of these networks can be motivated by different
> causes,
> > >    as the reluctance, or the impossibility, of network operators to
> > >    provide wired and cellular infrastructures to rural/remote areas
> > >    [Pietrosemoli].  In these cases, the networks have self sustainable
> > >    business models that provide more localised communication services
> as
> > >    well as Internet backhaul support through peering agreements with
> > >    traditional network operators.  Some other times, they are built as
> a
> > >    complement and an alternative to commercial Internet access provided
> > >    by "traditional" network operators.
> > >
> > >    One of the aims of the Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA)
> > >    IRTF initiative is "to document and share deployment experiences and
> > >    research results to the wider community through scholarly
> > >    publications, white papers, Informational and Experimental RFCs,
> > >    etc."  In line with this objective, this document is intended to
> > >    propose a classification of these "Alternative Network deployments".
> > >    This term includes a set of network access models emerged in the
> last
> >
> > s/models emerged/models that have emerged/
> >
> > >    decade with the aim of bringing Internet connectivity to people,
> > >    following topological, architectural and business models different
> > >    from the so-called "traditional" ones, where a company deploys the
> > >    infrastructure connecting the users, who pay for it.  The document
> is
> >
> > Maybe s/who pay for it/who pay a subscription fee to be connected and
> make
> use
> > of it/
> >
> > >    intended to be largely descriptive providing a broad overview of
> > >    initiatives, technologies and approaches employed in these networks.
> > >    Research references describing each kind of network are also
> > >    provided.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 4]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > > 1.1.  Requirements Language
> > >
> > >    The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
> > >    "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL"
> > in this
> > >    document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
> >
> > This document is not on the standards track, so this section is not
> necessary. Also,
> > capitalisation of words like CAN and MAY later in the draft is not
> appropriate.
> >
> > >
> > > 2.  Classification
> > >
> > >    This section classifies Alternative Networks (ANs) according to
> their
> > >    intended usage.  Each of them has different incentive structures,
> > >    maybe common technological challenges, but most importantly
> > >    interesting usage challenges which feeds into the incentives as well
> > >    as the technological challenges.
> > >
> > >    This classification is agnostic from the technical point of view.
> > >    Technology in this case must be taken as implementation.  Moreover,
> > >    many of these networks are implemented in a way that several
> > >    technologies (Ad-Hoc Wi-Fi, Infrastructure Wi-Fi, Optical Fiber,
> > >    IPv4, IPv6, RFC1918, OLSR, BMX6, etc.) coexist.
> >
> > I wonder if it might be helpful for the reader to include a loose
> definition of
> > 'traditional' network, to compare these alternatives with. What is the
> defining
> > characteristic that makes these alternatives different?
> >
> > >
> > > 2.1.  Community Networks
> > >
> > >    Community Networks are large-scale, distributed, self-managed
> > >    networks sharing these characteristics:
> > >
> > >    - They are built and organized in a decentralized and open manner.
> > >
> > >    - They start and grow organically, they are open to participation
> > >    from everyone, sometimes agreeing to an open peering agreement.
> > >    Community members directly contribute active network infrastructure
> > >    (not just passive infrastructure).
> > >
> > >    - Knowledge about building and maintaining the network and ownership
> > >    of the network itself is decentralized and open.  Community members
> > >    have an obvious and direct form of organizational control over the
> > >    overall operation of the network in their community (not just their
> > >    own participation in the network).
> > >
> > >    - The network CAN serve as a backhaul for providing a whole range of
> > >    services and applications, from completely free to even commercial
> > >    services.
> > >
> >
> > No need to capitalise CAN. This document is not standards track or
> normative. This
> > applies throughout the document, but I'm not going to comment every time.
> >
> > >    Hardware and software used in Community Networks CAN be very
> diverse,
> > >    even inside one network.  A Community Network CAN have both wired
> and
> > >    wireless links.  The network CAN be managed by multiple routing
> > >    protocols or network topology management systems.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 5]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    These networks grow organically, since they are formed by the
> > >    aggregation of nodes belonging to different users.  A minimum
> > >    governance infrastructure is required in order to coordinate IP
> > >    addressing, routing, etc.  A clear example of this kind of Community
> > >    Network is described in [Braem].  These networks are effective in
> > >    enhancing and extending digital Internet rights following a
> > >    participatory model.
> >
> > I couldn't parse the final sentence of that para.
> >
> > >
> > >    The fact of the users adding new infrastructure (i.e. extensibility)
> > >    can be used to formulate another definition: A Community Network is
> a
> > >    network in which any participant in the system may add link segments
> > >    to the network in such a way that the new network segments can
> > >    support multiple nodes and adopt the same overall characteristics as
> > >    those of the joined network, including the capacity to further
> extend
> > >    the network.  Once these link segments are joined to the network,
> > >    there is no longer a meaningful distinction between the previous
> > >    extent of the network and the new extent of the network.
> > >
> > >    In Community Networks, the profit can only be made by services and
> > >    not by the infrastructure itself, because the infrastructure is
> > >    neutral, free, and open (traditional Internet Service Providers,
> > >    ISPs, base their business on the control of the infrastructure).  In
> > >    Community Networks, everybody keeps the ownership of what he/she has
> > >    contributed.
> >
> > See earlier comment about providing a definition of traditional ISP. If
> there are other
> > defining characteristics, it could help to identify them up front.
> >
> > >
> > >    Community Networks MAY also be called "Free Networks" or even
> > >    "Network Commons".  [FNF].  The majority of Community Networks
> > >    accomplishes the definition of Free Network, included in the next
> > >    subsection.
> > >
> > > 2.1.1.  Free Networks
> > >
> > >    A definition of Free Network (which MAY be the same as Community
> > >    Network) is proposed by the Free Network Foundation (see
> > >    http://thefnf.org) as:
> > >
> > >    "A free network equitably grants the following freedoms to all:
> > >
> > >    Freedom 0 - The freedom to communicate for any purpose, without
> > >    discrimination, interference, or interception.
> > >
> > >    Freedom 1 - The freedom to grow, improve, communicate across, and
> > >    connect to the whole network.
> > >
> > >    Freedom 2- The freedom to study, use, remix, and share any network
> > >    communication mechanisms, in their most reusable forms."
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 6]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    The principles of Free, Open and Neutral Networks have also been
> > >    summarized (see http://guifi.net/en/FONCC) this way:
> > >
> > >    - You have the freedom to use the network for any purpose as long as
> > >    you do not harm the operation of the network itself, the rights of
> > >    other users, or the principles of neutrality that allow contents and
> > >    services to flow without deliberate interference.
> > >
> > >    - You have the right to understand the network, to know its
> > >    components, and to spread knowledge of its mechanisms and
> principles.
> > >
> > >    - You have the right to offer services and content to the network on
> > >    your own terms.
> > >
> > >    - You have the right to join the network, and the responsibility to
> > >    extend this set of rights to anyone according to these same terms.
> > >
> > > 2.2.  Wireless Internet Service Providers WISPs
> > >
> > >    WISPs are commercially-operated wireless Internet networks that
> > >    provide Internet and/or Voice Over Internet (VoIP) services.  They
> > >    are most common in areas not covered by incumbent telcos or ISPs.
> > >    WISPs often use wireless point-to-point or point-to-multipoint in
> the
> > >    unlicensed frequencies but licensed frequency use is common too
> > >    especially in regions where unlicensed spectrum is either perceived
> > >    as crowded or where unlicensed spectrum may have regulatory barriers
> > >    impeding its use.
> > >
> > >    Most WISPs are operated by local companies responding to a perceived
> > >    market gap.  There is a small but growing number of WISPs, such as
> > >    AirJaldi [Airjaldi] in India that have expanded from local service
> > >    into multiple locations.
> >
> > What I miss in this section is some text that talks about why a WISP is
> able to
> > succeed where an incumbent or traditional ISP is not. If WISPs are
> for-profit
> > enterprises, then why are they able to make a return, or why do
> incumbents
> choose
> > not to?
> >
> > >
> > >    Since 2006, the deployment of cloud-managed WISPs has been possible
> >
> > I think a sentence defining 'cloud-managed' would be helpful here.
> >
> > >    with companies like Meraki and later OpenMesh and others.  Until
> > >    recently, however, most of these services have been aimed at
> > >    industrialised markets.  Everylayer [Everylayer], launched in 2014,
> > >    is the first cloud-managed WISP service aimed at emerging markets.
> > >
> > > 2.3.  Shared infrastructure model
> > >
> > >    These networks are owned by individuals but leased out to network
> > >    operators who use them as a low cost medium to reach the underserved
> > >    population.
> > >
> > >
> >
> > Can you give a more expansive example. Do you mean something like FON (I
> > guess not as that is described in the next section)? How is this
> different
> from an
> > (M)VNO?
> >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 7]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > > 2.4.  Crowdshared approaches, led by the people and third party
> > >       stakeholders
> > >
> > >    These networks can be defined as a set of nodes whose owners share
> > >    common interests (e.g. sharing connectivity; resources; peripherals)
> > >    regardless of their physical location.  The node location exhibits a
> > >    space and time correlation which is the basis to establish a robust
> > >    connectivity model over time.
> >
> > I couldn't really parse that last sentence.
> >
> > >
> > >    These networks conform to the following approach: the home router
> > >    creates two wireless networks: one of them is normally used by the
> > >    owner, and the other one is public.  A small fraction of the
> > >    bandwidth is allocated to the public network, to be employed by any
> > >    user of the service in the immediate area.  Some examples are
> > >    described in [PAWS] and [Sathiaseelan_c].  Other example is
> > >    constituted by the networks created and managed by City Councils
> > >    (e.g., [Heer]).
> > >
> > >    In the same way, some companies [Fon] develop and sell Wi-Fi routers
> > >    with a dual access: a Wi-Fi network for the user, and a shared one.
> > >    A user community is created, and people can join the network in
> > >    different ways: they can buy a router, so they share their
> connection
> > >    and in turn they get access to all the routers associated to the
> > >    community.  Some users can even get some revenue every time another
> > >    user connects to their Wi-Fi spot.  Other users can just buy some
> > >    passes in order to use the network.  Some telecommunications
> > >    operators can collaborate with the community, including in their
> > >    routers the possibility of creating these two networks.
> > >
> > >    A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is created for public traffic, so it
> > >    is completely secure and separated from the owner's connection.  The
> > >    network capacity shared may employ a low priority, a less-than-best-
> > >    effort or scavenger approach, so as not to harm the traffic of the
> > >    owner of the connection [Sathiaseelan_a].
> > >
> > >    The elements involved in a crowd-shared network are summarised
> below:
> > >
> > >    - Interest: a parameter capable of providing a measure (cost) of the
> > >    attractiveness of a node towards a specific location, in a specific
> > >    instance in time.
> > >
> > >    - Resources: A physical or virtual element of a global system.  For
> > >    instance, bandwidth; energy; data; devices.
> > >
> > >    - The owner: End users who sign up for the service and share their
> > >    network capacity.  As a counterpart, they can access another owners'
> > >    home access for free.  The owner can be an end user or an entity
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 8]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    (e.g.  operator; virtual operator; municipality) that is to be made
> > >    responsible for any actions concerning his/her device.
> > >
> > >    - The user: a legal entity or an individual using or requesting a
> > >    publicly available electronic communications' service for private or
> > >    business purposes, without necessarily having subscribed to such
> > >    service.
> > >
> > >    - The Virtual Network Operator (VNO): An entity that acts in some
> > >    aspects as a network coordinator.  It may provide services such as
> > >    initial authentication or registering, and eventually, trust
> > >    relationship storage.  A VNO is not an ISP given that it does not
> > >    provide Internet access (e.g. infrastructure; naming).  A VNO is
> > >    neither an Application Service Provider (ASP) since it does not
> > >    provide user services.  Virtual Operators MAY also be stakeholders
> > >    with socio-environmental objectives.  They CAN be a local
> government,
> > >    grass root user communities, charities, or even content operators,
> > >    smart grid operators, etc.  They are the ones who actually run the
> > >    service.
> > >
> > >    - Network operators, who have a financial incentive to lease out the
> > >    unused capacity [Sathiaseelan_b] at lower cost to the VNOs.
> > >
> > >    VNOs pay the sharers and the network operators, thus creating an
> > >    incentive structure for all the actors: the end users get money for
> > >    sharing their network, the network operators are paid by the VNOs,
> > >    who in turn accomplish their socio-environmental role.
> > >
> > > 2.5.  Testbeds for research purposes
> > >
> > >    In some cases, the initiative to start the network is not from the
> > >    community, but from a research entity (e.g. a university), with the
> > >    aim of using it for research purposes [Samanta], [Bernardi].
> >
> > This section is kind of amusing to me, given the origins of the Internet.
> Maybe it is
> > Comcast, BT, Telefonica et al. that are the 'Alternative Networks'? :)
> >
> > >
> > > 3.  Scenarios where Alternative Networks are deployed
> > >
> > >    Alternative Network deployments are present in every part of the
> > >    world.  Even in some high-income countries, these networks have been
> > >    built as an alternative to commercial ones managed by traditional
> > >    network operators.  This section discusses the scenarios where
> > >    Alternative Networks have been deployed.
> > >
> > > 3.1.  Digital Divide and Alternative Networks
> > >
> > >    There is no definition for what a developing country represents that
> > >    has been recognized internationally, but the term is generally used
> > >    to describe a nation with a low level of material well-being.  In
> > >    this sense, one of the most commonly used classification is the one
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                 [Page
> 9]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    by the World Bank, who ranks countries according to their Gross
> > >    National Income (GNI) per Capita: low income, middle income, and
> high
> > >    income, being those falling within the low and middle income groups
> > >    considered developing economies.  Developing countries have also
> been
> > >    defined as those which are in transition from traditional lifestyles
> > >    towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial
> > >    Revolution.  Additionally, the Human Development Index, which
> > >    considers not only the GNI but also life expectancy and education,
> > >    has been proposed by the United Nations to rank countries according
> > >    to their well-being and not solely based on economic terms.  These
> > >    classifications are used to give strong signals to the international
> > >    community about the need of special concessions in support of these
> > >    countries, implying a correlation between development and increased
> > >    well-being.
> > >
> > >    However, at the beginning of the 90's the debates about how to
> > >    quantify development in a country were shaken by the appearance of
> > >    Internet and mobile phones, which many authors consider the
> beginning
> > >    of the Information Society.  With the beginning of this Digital
> > >    Revolution, defining development based on Industrial Society
> concepts
> > >    started to be challenged, and links between digital development and
> > >    its impact on human development started to flourish.  The following
> > >    dimensions are considered to be meaningful when measuring the
> digital
> > >    development state of a country: infrastructures (availability and
> > >    affordability); ICT (Information and Communications Technology)
> > >    sector (human capital and technological industry); digital literacy;
> > >    legal and regulatory framework; and content and services.  The lack
> > >    or less extent of digital development in one or more of these
> > >    dimensions is what has been referred as Digital Divide.  This divide
> > >    is a new vector of inequality which - as it happened during the
> > >    Industrial Revolution - generates a lot of progress at the expense
> of
> > >    creating a lot economic poverty and exclusion.  The Digital Divide
> is
> > >    considered to be a consequence of other socio-economic divides,
> > >    while, at the same time, a reason for their rise.
> > >
> > >    In this context, the so-called "developing countries", in order not
> > >    to be left behind of this incipient digital revolution, motivated
> the
> > >    World Summit of the Information Society which aimed at achieving "a
> > >    people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information
> > >    Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share
> > >    information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and
> > >    peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their
> > >    sustainable development and improving their quality of life" [WSIS],
> > >    and called upon "governments, private sector, civil society and
> > >    international organisations" to actively engage to accomplish it
> > >    [WSIS].
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 10]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    Most efforts from governments and international organizations
> focused
> > >    initially on improving and extending the existing infrastructure in
> > >    order not to leave their population behind.  As an example, one of
> > >    the goals of the Digital Agenda for Europe [DAE] is "to increase
> > >    regular internet usage from 60% to 75% by 2015, and from 41% to 60%
> > >    among disadvantaged people."
> > >
> > >    Universal Access and Service plans have taken different forms in
> > >    different countries over the years, with very uneven success rates,
> > >    but in most cases inadequate to the scale of the problem.  Given its
> > >    incapacity to solve the problem, some governments included Universal
> > >    Service and Access obligations to mobile network operators when
> > >    liberalizing the telecommunications market.  In combination with the
> > >    overwhelming and unexpected uptake of mobile phones by poor people,
> > >    this has mitigated the low access indicators existing in many
> > >    developing countries at the beginning of the 90s [Rendon].
> > >
> > >    Although the contribution made by mobile network operators in
> > >    decreasing the access gap is undeniable, their model presents some
> > >    constraints that limit the development outcomes that increased
> > >    connectivity promises to bring.  Prices, tailored for the more
> > >    affluent part of the population, remain unaffordable to many, who
> > >    invest large percentages of their disposable income in
> > >    communications.  Additionally, the cost of prepaid packages, the
> only
> > >    option available for the informal economies existing throughout
> > >    developing countries, is high compared with the rate longer-term
> > >    subscribers pay.
> > >
> > >    The consolidation of many Alternative Networks (e.g.  Community
> > >    Networks) in high income countries sets a precedent for civil
> society
> > >    members from the so-called developing countries to become more
> active
> > >    in the search for alternatives to provide themselves with affordable
> > >    access.  Furthermore, Alternative Networks could contribute to other
> > >    dimensions of the digital development like increased human capital
> > >    and the creation of contents and services targeting the locality of
> > >    each network.
> > >
> > > 3.2.  Urban vs. rural areas
> > >
> > >    The Digital Divide presented in the previous section is not only
> > >    present between countries, but within them too.  This is specially
> > >    the case for rural inhabitants, which represents approximately 55%
> of
> > >    the world's population, from which 78% inhabit in developing
> > >    countries.  Although it is impossible to generalize among them,
> there
> > >    exist some common features that have determined the availability of
> > >    ICT infrastructure in these regions.  The disposable income of their
> > >    dwellers is lower than those inhabiting urban areas, with many
> > >    surviving on a subsistence economy.  Many of them are located in
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 11]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    geographies difficult to access and exposed to extreme weather
> > >    conditions.  This has resulted in the almost complete lack of
> > >    electrical infrastructure.  This context, together with their low
> > >    population density, discourages telecommunications operators to
> > >    provide similar services to those provided to urban dwellers, since
> > >    they do not deem them profitable.
> > >
> > >    The cost of the wireless infrastructure required to set up a
> network,
> > >    including powering it via solar energy, is within the range of
> > >    availability if not of individuals at least of entire communities.
> > >    The social capital existing in these areas can allow for Alternative
> > >    Network set-ups where a reduced number of nodes may cover
> communities
> > >    whose dwellers share the cost of the infrastructure and the gateway
> > >    and access it via inexpensive wireless devices.  Some examples are
> > >    presented in [Pietrosemoli] and [Bernardi].
> > >
> > >    In this case, the lack of awareness and confidence of rural
> > >    communities to embark themselves in such tasks can become major
> > >    barriers to their deployment.  Scarce technical skills in these
> > >    regions have been also pointed as a challenge for their success, but
> > >    the proliferation of urban Community Networks, where scarcity of
> > >    spectrum, scale, and heterogeneity of devices pose tremendous
> > >    challenges to their stability and the services they aim to provide,
> > >    has fuelled the creation of robust low-cost low-consumption low-
> > >    complexity off-the-shelf wireless devices which make much easier the
> > >    deployment and maintenance of these alternative infrastructures in
> > >    rural areas.
> > >
> > > 4.  Technologies employed
> > >
> > > 4.1.  Wired
> > >
> > >    In many (developed or developing) countries it may happen that
> > >    national service providers may decline to provide connectivity to
> > >    tiny and isolated villages.  So in some cases the villagers have
> > >    created their own optical fiber networks.  It is the case of
> > >    Lowenstedt in Germany [Lowenstedt].
> > >
> > > 4.2.  Wireless
> > >
> > >    Different wireless technologies [WNDW] can be employed in
> Alternative
> > >    Network deployments.  Below we summarise topics to be considered in
> > >    such deployments:
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 12]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > > 4.2.1.  Antennas
> > >
> > >    Three kinds of antennas are suitable to be used in these networks:
> > >    omnidirectional, directional and high gain antennas.
> > >
> > >    For local access, omnidirectional antennas are the most useful,
> since
> > >    they provide the same coverage in all directions of the plane in
> > >    which they are located.  Above and below this plane, the received
> > >    signal will diminish, so the maximum benefits are obtained when the
> > >    client is at approximately the same height as the Access Point.
> > >
> > >    When using an omnidirectional antenna outdoors to provide
> > >    connectivity to a large area, people often select high gain antennas
> > >    located at the highest structure available to extend the coverage.
> > >    In many cases this is counterproductive, since a high gain
> > >    omnidirectional antenna will have a very narrow beamwidth in the
> > >    vertical plane, meaning that clients that are below the plane of the
> > >    antenna will receive a very weak signal (and by the reciprocity
> > >    property of all antennas, the antenna will also receive a feeble
> > >    signal from the client).  A moderate gain omnidirectional of about 8
> > >    to 10 dBi is normally preferable.  Higher gain omnidirectional
> > >    antennas are only advisable when the farthest way client is roughly
> > >    in the same plane.
> > >
> > >    For indoor clients, omnidirectional antennas are generally fine,
> > >    because the numerous reflections normally found in indoor
> > >    environments negate the advantage of using directional antennas.
> > >
> > >    For outdoor clients, directional antennas can be quite useful to
> > >    extend coverage to an Access Point fitted with an omnidirectional
> > >    one.
> > >
> > >    When building point-to-point links, the highest gain antennas are
> the
> > >    best choice, since their narrow beamwidth mitigates interference
> from
> > >    other users and can provide the longest links [Flickenger],
> > >    [Zennaro].
> > >
> > >    24 to 34 dBi antennas are commercially available at both the
> > >    unlicensed 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, and even higher gain antennas
> can
> > >    be found in the newer unlicensed bands at 17 GHz and 24 GHz.
> > >
> > >    Despite the fact that the free space loss is directly proportional
> to
> > >    the square of the frequency, it is normally advisable to use higher
> > >    frequencies for point-to-point links when there is a clear line of
> > >    sight, because it is normally easier to get higher gain antennas at
> 5
> > >    GHz.  Deploying high gain antennas at both ends will more than
> > >    compensate for the additional free space loss.  Furthermore, higher
> > >    frequencies can make do with lower altitude antenna placement since
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 13]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    the Fresnel ellipsoid (the volume around the optical line occuppied
> > >    by radio waves, which should be free from obstacles), is inversely
> > >    proportional to the square root of the frequency.
> > >
> > >    On the contrary, lower frequencies offer advantages when the line of
> > >    sight is blocked because they can leverage diffraction to reach the
> > >    intended receiver.
> > >
> > >    It is common to find dual radio Access Points, at two different
> > >    frequency bands.  One way of benefiting from this arrangement is to
> > >    attach a directional antenna to the high frequency radio for
> > >    connection to the backbone and an omnidirectional one to the lower
> > >    frequency to provide local access.
> > >
> > >    In the case of mesh networking, where the antenna should connect to
> > >    several other nodes, it is better to use omnidirectional antennas.
> > >
> > >    The same type of polarisation must be used at both ends of any radio
> > >    link.  For point-to-point links, some vendors use two radios
> > >    operating at the same frequency but with orthogonal polarisations,
> > >    thus doubling the achievable throughput, and also offering added
> > >    protection to multipath and other transmission impairments.
> > >
> > > 4.2.2.  Link length
> > >
> > > 4.2.2.1.  Line-of-Sight
> > >
> > >    For short distance transmission, there is no strict requirement of
> > >    line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver, and
> multipath
> > >    can guarantee communication despite the existence of obstacles in
> the
> > >    direct path.
> > >
> > >    For longer distances, the first requirement is the existence of an
> > >    unobstructed line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver.
> > >    For very long path the earth curvature is an obstacle that must be
> > >    cleared, but the trajectory of the radio beam is not strictly a
> > >    straight line due to the bending of the rays as a consequence of
> non-
> > >    uniformities of the atmosphere.  Most of the time this bending will
> > >    mean that the radio horizon extends further than the optical
> horizon.
> > >
> > >    Another factor to be considered is that the Fresnel zone (the volume
> > >    around the optical line) must be unencumbered from obstacles for the
> > >    maximum signal to be captured at the receiver.  The size of the
> > >    Fresnel ellipsoid grows with the distance between the end points and
> > >    with the wavelength of the signal, which in turn is inversely
> > >    proportional to the frequency.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 14]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    For optimum signal reception the end points must be high enough to
> > >    clear any obstacle in the path and leave extra "elbow room" for the
> > >    Fresnel zone.  This can be achieved by using suitable masts at
> either
> > >    end, or by taking advantage of existing structures or hills.
> > >
> > > 4.2.2.2.  Transmitted and Received Power
> > >
> > >    Once a clear radio-electric line of sight (including the Fresnel
> zone
> > >    clearance) is obtained, one must ascertain that the received power
> is
> > >    well above the sensitivity of the receiver, by what is known as the
> > >    "link margin".  The greater the link margin, the more reliable the
> > >    link.  For mission critical applications 20 dB margin is suggested,
> > >    but for non critical ones 10 dB might suffice.
> > >
> > >    The sensitivity of the receiver decreases with the transmission
> > >    speed, so more power is needed at greater transmission speeds.
> > >
> > >    The received power is determined by the transmitted power, the gain
> > >    of the transmitting and receiving antennas and the propagation loss.
> > >
> > >    The propagation loss is the sum of the free space loss (proportional
> > >    to the square of the the frequency and the square of the distance),
> > >    plus additional factors like attenuation in the atmosphere by gases
> > >    or meteorological effects (which are strongly frequency dependent),
> > >    multipath and diffraction losses.
> > >
> > >    Multipath is more pronounced in trajectories over water.  If they
> > >    cannot be avoided special countermeasures should be taken.
> > >
> > >    In order to achieve a given link margin (also called "fade margin"),
> > >    one can:
> > >
> > >    a) Increase the output power.The maximum transmitted power is
> > >    specified by each country's regulation, and for unlicensed
> > >    frequencies is much lower than for licensed frequencies.
> > >
> > >    b) Increase the antenna gain.  There is no limit in the gain of the
> > >    receiving antenna, but high gain antennas are bulkier, present more
> > >    wind resistance and require sturdy mounts to comply with tighter
> > >    alignment requirements.  The transmitter antenna gain is also
> > >    regulated and can be different for point-to-point as for point-to-
> > >    multipoint links.  Many countries impose a limit in the combination
> > >    of transmitted power and antenna gain, EIRP (Equivalent
> Isotropically
> > >    Irradiated Power) which can be different for point-to- point or
> > >    point-to-multipoint links.
> > >
> > >    c) Reduce the propagation loss, by using a more favorable frequency
> > >    or a shorter path.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 15]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    d) Use a more sensitive receiver.  Receiver sensitivity can be
> > >    improved by using better circuits, but it is ultimately limited by
> > >    the thermal noise, which is proportional to temperature and
> > >    bandwidth.  One can increase the sensitivity by using a smaller
> > >    receiving bandwidth, or by settling to lower throughput even in the
> > >    same receiver bandwidth.  This step is often done automatically in
> > >    many protocols, in which the transmission speed can be reduced from
> > >    150 Mbit/s to 6 Mbit/s if the receiver power is not enough to
> sustain
> > >    the maximum throughput.
> > >
> > > 4.2.2.3.  Medium Access Protocol
> > >
> > >    A completely different limiting factor is related to the medium
> > >    access protocol.  Wi-Fi was designed for short distance, and the
> > >    transmitter expects the reception of an acknowledgment for each
> > >    transmitted packet in a certain amount of time; if the waiting time
> > >    is exceeded, the packet is retransmitted.  This will significantly
> > >    reduce the throughput at long distance, so for long distance
> > >    applications it is better to use a different medium access
> technique,
> > >    in which the receiver does not wait for an acknowledgement of the
> > >    transited packet.  This strategy of TDMA (Time Domain Multiple
> > >    Access) has been adopted by many equipment vendors who offer
> > >    proprietary protocols alongside the standard Wi-Fi in order to
> > >    increase the throughput at longer distances.  Low cost equipment
> > >    using TDMA can offer high throughput at distances over 100
> > >    kilometers.
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.  Layer 2
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.1.  802.11 (Wi-Fi)
> > >
> > >    Wireless standards ensure interoperability and usability to those
> who
> > >    design, deploy and manage wireless networks.  The standards used in
> > >    the vast majority of Community Networks come from the IEEE Standard
> > >    Association's IEEE 802 Working Group.
> > >
> > >    The standard we are most interested in is 802.11 a/b/g/n,
> > >    [IEEE.802-11A.1999], [IEEE.802-11B.1999], [IEEE.802-11G.2003],
> > >    [IEEE.802-11N.2009] as it defines the protocol for Wireless LAN.
> > >    Different 802.11 amendments have been released, as shown in the
> table
> > >    below, also including their frequencies and approximate ranges.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 16]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    |802.11| Release | Freq |BWdth | Data Rate per  |  Approx range (m)
> |
> > >    |prot  |  date   | (GHz)|(MHz) |stream (Mbit/s) | indoor |  outdoor
> |
> > >
> +------+---------+------+------+----------------+--------+----------+
> > >    |  a   |Sep 1999 | 5    |  20  | 6,9,12, 18, 24,|    35  |    120
>  |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 36, 48, 54     |        |
> |
> > >    |  b   |Sep 1999 | 2.4  |  20  | 1, 2, 5.5, 11  |    35  |    140
>  |
> > >    |  g   |Jun 2003 | 2.4  |  20  | 6,9,12, 18, 24,|    38  |    140
>  |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 36, 48, 54     |        |
> |
> > >    |  n   |Oct 2009 | 2.4/5|  20  | 7.2, 14.4, 21.7|    70  |    250
>  |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 28.9, 43.3,    |        |
> |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 57.8, 65, 72.2 |        |
> |
> > >    |  n   |Oct 2009 | 2.4/5|  40  | 15, 30, 45, 60,|    70  |    250
>  |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 90, 120,       |        |
> |
> > >    |      |         |      |      | 135, 150       |        |
> |
> > >    |  ac  |Nov 2011 | 5    |  20  | Up to 87.6     |        |
> |
> > >    |  ac  |Nov 2011 | 5    |  40  | Up to 200      |        |
> |
> > >    |  ac  |Nov 2011 | 5    |  80  | Up to 433.3    |        |
> |
> > >    |  ac  |Nov 2011 | 5    |  160 | Up to 866.7    |        |
> |
> > >
> > >    In 2012 IEEE issued the 802.11-2012 Standard that consolidates all
> > >    the previous amendments.  The document is freely downloadable from
> > >    IEEE Standards [IEEE].
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.1.1.  Deployment planning for 802.11 wireless networks
> > >
> > >    Before packets can be forwarded and routed to the Internet, layers
> > >    one (the physical) and two (the data link) need to be connected.
> > >    Without link local connectivity, network nodes cannot talk to each
> > >    other and route packets.
> > >
> > >    To provide physical connectivity, wireless network devices MUST
> > >    operate in the same part of the radio spectrum.  This means that
> > >    802.11a radios will talk to 802.11a radios at around 5 GHz, and
> > >    802.11b/g radios will talk to other 802.11b/g radios at around 2.4
> > >    GHz.  But an 802.11a device cannot interoperate with an 802.11b/g
> > >    device, since they use completely different parts of the
> > >    electromagnetic spectrum.  More specifically, wireless interfaces
> > >    must agree on a common channel.  If one 802.11b radio card is set to
> > >    channel 2 while another is set to channel 11, then the radios cannot
> > >    communicate with each other.
> > >
> > >    When two wireless interfaces are configured to use the same protocol
> > >    on the same radio channel, then they are ready to negotiate data
> link
> > >    layer connectivity.  Each 802.11a/b/g device can operate in one of
> > >    four possible modes:
> > >
> > >    1.  Master mode (also called AP or infrastructure mode) is used to
> > >    create a service that looks like a traditional Access Point.  The
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 17]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    wireless interface creates a network with a specified name (called
> > >    the SSID, Service Set IDentifier) and channel, and offers network
> > >    services on it.  While in master mode, wireless interfaces manage
> all
> > >    communications related to the network (authenticating wireless
> > >    clients, handling channel contention, repeating packets, etc.)
> > >    Wireless interfaces in master mode can only communicate with
> > >    interfaces that are associated with them in managed mode.
> > >
> > >    2.  Managed mode is sometimes also referred to as client mode.
> > >    Wireless interfaces in managed mode will join a network created by a
> > >    master, and will automatically change their channel to match it.
> > >    They then present any necessary credentials to the master, and if
> > >    those credentials are accepted, they are associated with the master.
> > >    Managed mode interfaces do not communicate with each other directly,
> > >    and only communicate with an associated master.
> > >
> > >    3.  Ad-hoc mode creates a multipoint-to-multipoint network where
> > >    there is no single master node or AP.  In ad-hoc mode, each wireless
> > >    interface communicates directly with its neighbours.  Nodes must be
> > >    in range of each other to communicate, and must agree on a network
> > >    name and channel.  Ad-hoc mode is often also called Mesh Networking.
> > >
> > >    4.  Monitor mode is used by some tools (such as Kismet) to passively
> > >    listen to all radio traffic on a given channel.  When in monitor
> > >    mode, wireless interfaces transmit no data.  This is useful for
> > >    analysing problems on a wireless link or observing spectrum usage in
> > >    the local area.  Monitor mode is not used for normal communications.
> > >
> > >    When implementing a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint link, one
> > >    radio will typically operate in master mode, while the other(s)
> > >    operate in managed mode.  In a multipoint-to-multipoint mesh, the
> > >    radios all operate in ad-hoc mode so that they can communicate with
> > >    each other directly.  Managed mode clients cannot communicate with
> > >    each other directly, so a high repeater site is required in master
> or
> > >    ad-hoc mode.  Ad-hoc is more flexible but has a number of
> performance
> > >    issues as compared to using the master / managed modes.
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.2.  GSM
> > >
> > >    GSM has also been used in Alternative Networks as Layer 2 option, as
> > >    explained in [Mexican].
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.3.  Dynamic Spectrum
> > >
> > >    Some Alternative Networks make use of TV White Spaces - a set of UHF
> > >    and VHF television frequencies that can be utilized by secondary
> > >    users in locations where it is unused by licensed primary users such
> > >    as television broadcasters.  Equipment that makes use of TV White
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 18]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    Spaces is required to detect the presence of existing unused TV
> > >    channels by means of a spectrum database and/or spectrum sensing in
> > >    order to ensure that no harmful interference is caused to primary
> > >    users.  In order to smartly allocate interference-free channels to
> > >    the devices, cognitive radios are used which are able to modify
> their
> > >    frequency, power and modulation techniques to meet the strict
> > >    operating conditions required for secondary users.
> > >
> > >    The use of the term "White Spaces" is often used to describe "TV
> > >    White Spaces" as the VHF and UHF television frequencies were the
> > >    first to be exploited on a secondary use basis.  There are two
> > >    dominant standards for TV white space communication: (i) the
> 802.11af
> > >    standard [IEEE.802-11AF.2013] - an adaptation of the 802.11 standard
> > >    for TV white space bands and (ii) the IEEE 802.22 standard
> > >    [IEEE.802-22.2011] for long-range rural communication.
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.3.1.  802.11af
> > >
> > >    802.11af [IEEE.802-11AF.2013] is a modified version of the 802.11
> > >    standard operating in TV White Space bands using Cognitive Radios to
> > >    avoid interference with primary users.  The standard is often
> > >    referred to as White-Fi or Super WiFi and was approved in February
> > >    2014. 802.11af contains much of the advances of all the 802.11
> > >    standards including recent advances in 802.11ac such as up to four
> > >    bonded channels, four spatial streams and very high rate 256-QAM
> > >    modulation but with improved in-building penetration and outdoor
> > >    coverage.  The maximum data rate achievable is 426.7 Mbps for
> > >    countries with 6/7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbps for countries with 8
> > >    MHz channels.  Coverage is typically limited to 1km although longer
> > >    range at lower throughput and using high gain antennas will be
> > >    possible.
> > >
> > >    Devices are designated as enabling stations (access points) or
> > >    dependent stations (clients).  Enabling stations are authorized to
> > >    control the operation of a dependent station and securely access a
> > >    geolocation database.  Once the enabling station has received a list
> > >    of available white space channels it can announce a chosen channel
> to
> > >    the dependent stations for them to communicate with the enabling
> > >    station. 802.11af also makes use of a registered location server - a
> > >    local database that organizes the geographic location and operating
> > >    parameters of all enabling stations.
> > >
> > > 4.2.3.3.2.  802.22
> > >
> > >    802.22 [IEEE.802-22.2011] is a standard developed specifically for
> > >    long range rural communications in TV white space frequencies and
> > >    first approved in July 2011.  The standard is similar to the 802.16
> > >    (WiMax) [IEEE.802-16.2008] standard with an added cognitive radio
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 19]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    ability.  The maximum throughput of 802.22 is 22.6 Mbps for a single
> > >    8 MHz channel using 64-QAM modulation.  The achievable range using
> > >    the default MAC scheme is 30 km, however 100 km is possible with
> > >    special scheduling techniques.  The MAC of 802.22 is specifically
> > >    customized for long distances - for example, slots in a frame
> > >    destined for more distant CPEs are sent before slots destined for
> > >    nearby CPEs.
> > >
> > >    Base stations are required to have a GPS and a connection to the
> > >    Internet in order to query a geolocation spectrum database.  Once
> the
> > >    base station receives the allowed TV channels, it communicates a
> > >    preferred operating white space TV channel with the Client Premises
> > >    Equipment (CPE) devices.  The standard also has a co-existence
> > >    mechanism that uses beacons to make other 802.22 base stations aware
> > >    of the presence of a base station that is not part of the same
> > >    network.
> > >
> > > 5.  Network and architecture issues
> > >
> > > 5.1.  Layer 3
> > >
> > > 5.1.1.  IP addressing
> > >
> > >    Most known Alternative Networks started in or around the year 2000.
> > >    IPv6 was fully specified by then, but almost all Alternative
> Networks
> > >    still use IPv4.  A survey [Avonts] indicated that IPv6 rollout
> > >    presents a challenge to Community Networks.
> > >
> > >    Most Community Networks use private IPv4 address ranges, as defined
> > >    by RFC 1918 [RFC1918].  The motivation for this was the lower cost
> > >    and the simplified IP allocation because of the large available
> > >    address ranges.
> > >
> > > 5.1.2.  Routing protocols
> > >
> > >    Alternative Networks are composed of possibly different layer 2
> > >    devices, resulting in a mesh of nodes.  Connection between different
> > >    nodes is not guaranteed and the link stability can vary strongly
> over
> > >    time.  To tackle this, some Alternative Networks use mesh network
> > >    routing protocols while other networks use more traditional routing
> > >    protocols.  Some networks operate multiple routing protocols in
> > >    parallel.  For example, they use a mesh protocol inside different
> > >    islands and use traditional routing protocols to connect islands.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 20]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > > 5.1.2.1.  Traditional routing protocols
> > >
> > >    The BGP protocol, as defined by RFC 4271 [RFC4271] is used by a
> > >    number of Community Networks, because of its well-studied behavior
> > >    and scalability.
> > >
> > >    For similar reasons, smaller networks opt to run the OSPF protocol,
> > >    as defined by RFC 2328 [RFC2328].
> > >
> > > 5.1.2.2.  Mesh routing protocols
> > >
> > >    A large number of Alternative Networks use the OLSR routing protocol
> > >    as defined in RFC 3626 [RFC3626].  The pro-active link state routing
> > >    protocol is a good match with Alternative Networks because it has
> > >    good performance in mesh networks where nodes have multiple
> > >    interfaces.
> > >
> > >    The Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking (BATMAN) [Abolhasan]
> > >    protocol was developed by members of the Freifunk community.  The
> > >    protocol handles all routing at layer 2, creating one bridged
> > >    network.
> > >
> > >    Parallel to BGP, some networks also run the BMX6 protocol [Neumann].
> > >    This is an advanced version of the BATMAN protocol which is based on
> > >    IPv6 and tries to exploit the social structure of Alternative
> > >    Networks.
> > >
> > > 5.2.  Upper layers
> > >
> > >    From crowdshared perspective, and considering just regular TCP
> > >    connections during the critical sharing time, the Access Point
> > >    offering the service is likely to be the bottleneck of the
> > >    connection.  This is the main concern of sharers, having several
> > >    implications.  There should be an adequate Active Queue Management
> > >    (AQM) mechanism that implements a Less than Best Effort (LBE) policy
> > >    for the user and protects the sharer.  Achieving LBE behaviour
> > >    requires the appropriate tuning of the well known mechanisms such as
> > >    ECN, or RED, or others more recent AQM mechanisms such as CoDel and
> > >    PIE that aid on keeping low latency RFC 6297 [RFC6297].
> > >
> > >    The user traffic should not interfere with the sharer's traffic.
> > >    However, other bottlenecks besides client's access bottleneck may
> not
> > >    be controlled by the previously mentioned protocols.  Therefore,
> > >    recently proposed transport protocols like LEDBAT [Ros], [Komnios]
> > >    with the purpose of transporting scavenger traffic may be a
> solution.
> > >    LEDBAT requires the cooperation of both the client and the server to
> > >    achieve certain target delay, therefore controlling the impact of
> the
> > >    user along all the path.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 21]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    There are applications that manage aspects of the network from the
> > >    sharer side and from the client side.  From sharer's side, there are
> > >    applications to centralise the management of the APs conforming the
> > >    network that have been recently proposed by means of SDN
> > >    [Sathiaseelan_a], [Suresh].  There are also other proposals such as
> > >    Wi2Me [Lampropulos] that manage the connection to several Community
> > >    Networks from the client's side.  These applications have shown to
> > >    improve the client performance compared to a single-Community
> Network
> > >    client.
> > >
> > >    On the other hand, transport protocols inside a multiple hop
> wireless
> > >    mesh network are likely to suffer performance degradation for
> > >    multiple reasons, e.g., hidden terminal problem, unnecessary delays
> > >    on the TCP ACK clocking that decrease the throughout or route
> > >    changing [Hanbali].  There are some options for network
> > >    configuration.  The implementation of an easy-to-adopt solution for
> > >    TCP over mesh networks may be implemented from two different
> > >    perspectives.  One way is to use a TCP-proxy to transparently deal
> > >    with the different impairments (RFC 3135 [RFC3135]).  Another way is
> > >    to adopt end-to-end solutions for monitoring the connection delay so
> > >    that the receiver adapts the TCP reception window (rwnd)
> > >    [Castignani_c].  Similarly, the ACK Congestion Control (ACKCC)
> > >    mechanism RFC 5690 [RFC5690] could deal with TCP-ACK clocking
> > >    impairments due to inappropriate delay on ACK packets.  ACKCC
> > >    compensates in an end-to-end fashion the throughput degradation due
> > >    to the effect of media contention as well as the unfairness
> > >    experienced by multiple uplink TCP flows in a congested Wi-Fi
> access.
> > >
> > > 5.2.1.  Services provided by Alternative Networks
> > >
> > >    This section provides an overview of the services between hosts
> > >    inside the network.  They can be divided into Intranet services,
> > >    connecting hosts between them, and Internet services, connecting to
> > >    nodes outside the network.
> > >
> > > 5.2.1.1.  Intranet services
> > >
> > >    Intranet services can include, but are not limited to:
> > >
> > >    - VoIP (e.g. with SIP)
> > >
> > >    - Remote desktop (e.g. using my home computer and my Internet
> > >    connection when I am on holidays in a village).
> > >
> > >    - FTP file sharing (e.g. distribution of Linux software).
> > >
> > >    - P2P file sharing.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 22]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    - Public video cameras.
> > >
> > >    - DNS.
> > >
> > >    - Online games servers.
> > >
> > >    - Jabber instant messaging.
> > >
> > >    - IRC chat.
> > >
> > >    - Weather stations.
> > >
> > >    - NTP.
> > >
> > >    - Network monitoring.
> > >
> > >    - Videoconferencing / streaming.
> > >
> > >    - Radio streaming.
> > >
> > > 5.2.1.2.  Access to the Internet
> > >
> > > 5.2.1.2.1.  Web browsing proxies
> > >
> > >    A number of federated proxies MAY provide web browsing service for
> > >    the users.  Other services (file sharing, skype, etc.) are not
> > >    usually allowed in many Alternative Networks due to bandwidth
> > >    limitations.
> > >
> > > 5.2.1.2.2.  Use of VPNs
> > >
> > >    Some "micro-ISPs" may use the network as a backhaul for providing
> > >    Internet access, setting up VPNs from the client to a machine with
> > >    Internet access.
> > >
> > > 5.3.  Topology
> > >
> > >    Alternative Networks follow different topology patterns, as studied
> > >    in [Vega].
> > >
> > >    Regularly rural areas in these networks are connected through long-
> > >    distance links (the so-called community mesh approach) which in turn
> > >    convey the Internet connection to relevant organisations or
> > >    institutions.  In contrast, in urban areas, users tend to share and
> > >    require mobile access.  Since these areas are also likely to be
> > >    covered by commercial ISPs, the provision of wireless access by
> > >    Virtual Operators like [Fon] may constitute a way to extend the user
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 23]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    capacity (or gain connection) to the network.  Other proposals like
> > >    Virtual Public Networks [Sathiaseelan_a] can also extend the
> service.
> > >
> > >    As in the case of main Internet Service Providers in France,
> > >    Community Networks for urban areas are conceived as a set of APs
> > >    sharing a common SSID among the clients favouring the nomadic
> access.
> > >    For users in France, ISPs promise to cause a little impact on their
> > >    service agreement when the shared network service is activated on
> > >    clients' APs.  Nowadays, millions of APs are deployed around the
> > >    country performing services of nomadism and 3G offloading, however
> as
> > >    some studies demonstrate, at walking speed, there is a fair chance
> of
> > >    performing file transfers [Castignani_a], [Castignani_b].  Scenarios
> > >    studied in France and Luxembourg show that the density of APs in
> > >    urban areas (mainly in downtown and residential areas) is quite big
> > >    and from different ISPs.  Moreover, performed studies reveal that
> > >    aggregating available networks can be beneficial to the client by
> > >    using an application that manages the best connection among the
> > >    different networks.  For improving the scanning process (or topology
> > >    recognition), which consumes the 90% of the connection/reconnection
> > >    process to the Community Network, the client may implement several
> > >    techniques for selecting the best AP [Castignani_c].
> > >
> > > 6.  Acknowledgements
> > >
> > >    This work has been partially funded by the CONFINE European
> > >    Commission Project (FP7 - 288535).
> > >
> > >    The editor and the authors of this document wish to thank the
> > >    following individuals who have participated in the drafting, review,
> > >    and discussion of this memo:
> > >
> > >    Paul M.  Aoki, Roger Baig, Jaume Barcelo, Steven G.  Huter, Rohan
> > >    Mahy, Rute Sofia, Dirk Trossen.
> > >
> > >    A special thanks to the GAIA Working Group chairs Matt Ford and
> >
> > s/Matt/Mat/
> >
> > >    Arjuna Sathiaseelan for their support and guidance.
> > >
> > > 7.  Contributing Authors
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 24]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    Ioannis Komnios
> > >    Democritus University of Thrace
> > >    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
> > >    Kimmeria University Campus
> > >    Xanthi 67100
> > >    Greece
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Steve Song
> > >    Village Telco Limited
> > >
> > >
> > >    Halifax
> > >    Canada
> > >
> > >    Phone:
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    David Lloyd Johnson
> > >    Meraka, CSIR
> > >    15 Lower Hope St
> > >    Rosebank 7700
> > >    South Africa
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > > 8.  IANA Considerations
> > >
> > >    This memo includes no request to IANA.
> > >
> > > 9.  Security Considerations
> > >
> > >    No security issues have been identified for this document.
> > >
> > > 10.  References
> > >
> > > 10.1.  Normative References
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 25]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-11A.1999]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
> > >               Layer (PHY) specifications - High-speed Physical Layer in
> > >               the 5 GHZ Band", IEEE Standard 802.11a, Sept 1999,
> > >               <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11a-1999.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-11AF.2013]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
> > >               Layer (PHY) specifications - Amendment 5: Television
> White
> > >               Spaces (TVWS) Operation", IEEE Standard 802.11af, Oct
> > >               2009, <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11af-2013.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-11B.1999]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
> > >               Layer (PHY) specifications - Higher-Speed Physical Layer
> > >               Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band", IEEE Standard 802.11b,
> > >               Sept 1999, <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11b-1999.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-11G.2003]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
> > >               Layer (PHY) specifications - Amendment 4: Further Higher
> > >               Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band", IEEE Standard
> > >               802.11g, Jun 2003, <
> http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11g-2003.pdf>.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 26]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-11N.2009]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
> > >               Layer (PHY) specifications - Amendment 5: Enhancements
> for
> > >               Higher Throughput", IEEE Standard 802.11n, Oct 2009,
> > >               <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11n-2009.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-16.2008]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Broadband wireless
> > >               metropolitan area networks (MANs) - IEEE Standard for Air
> > >               Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems", IE
> > > EE
> > >               Standard 802.16, Jun 2008,
> > >               <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.16-2012.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE.802-22.2011]
> > >               "Information technology - Telecommunications and
> > >               information exchange between systems - Local and
> > >               metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part
> > >               22: Cognitive Wireless RAN Medium Access Control (MAC)
> and
> > >               Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Policies and
> > >               procedures for operation in the TV Bands", IEEE Standard
> > >               802.22, Jul 2011, <http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
> > >               download/802.11af-2013.pdf>.
> > >
> > >    [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G.,
> and
> > >               E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", BCP
> > >               5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
> > >
> > >    [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
> > >               Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
> > >
> > >    [RFC2328]  Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
> > >
> > >    [RFC3135]  Border, J., Kojo, M., Griner, J., Montenegro, G., and Z.
> > >               Shelby, "Performance Enhancing Proxies Intended to
> > >               Mitigate Link-Related Degradations", RFC 3135, June 2001.
> > >
> > >    [RFC3626]  Clausen, T. and P. Jacquet, "Optimized Link State Routing
> > >               Protocol (OLSR)", RFC 3626, October 2003.
> > >
> > >    [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
> > >               Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 27]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [RFC5690]  Floyd, S., Arcia, A., Ros, D., and J. Iyengar, "Adding
> > >               Acknowledgement Congestion Control to TCP", RFC 5690,
> > >               February 2010.
> > >
> > >    [RFC6297]  Welzl, M. and D. Ros, "A Survey of Lower-than-Best-Effort
> > >               Transport Protocols", RFC 6297, June 2011.
> > >
> > > 10.2.  Informative References
> > >
> > >    [Abolhasan]
> > >               Abolhasan, M., Hagelstein, B., and J. Wang, "Real-world
> > >               performance of current proactive multi-hop mesh
> > >               protocols", In Communications, 2009. APCC 2009. 15th
> Asia-
> > >               Pacific Conference on (pp. 44-47). IEEE. , 2009.
> > >
> > >    [Airjaldi]
> > >               Rural Broadband (RBB) Pvt. Ltd., Airjaldi., "Airjaldi
> > >               service", Airjaldi web page, www.airjaldi.net , 2015.
> > >
> > >    [Avonts]   Avonts, J., Braem, B., and C. Blondia, "A Questionnaire
> > >               based Examination of Community Networks", Proceedings
> > >               Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and
> > >               Communications (WiMob), 2013 IEEE 8th International
> > >               Conference on (pp. 8-15) , 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Bernardi]
> > >               Bernardi, B., Buneman, P., and M. Marina, "Tegola tiered
> > >               mesh network testbed in rural Scotland", Proceedings of
> > >               the 2008 ACM workshop on Wireless networks and systems
> for
> > >               developing regions (WiNS-DR '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA,
> > >               9-16 , 2008.
> > >
> > >    [Braem]    Braem, B., Baig Vinas, R., Kaplan, A., Neumann, A.,
> Vilata
> > >               i Balaguer, I., Tatum, B., Matson, M., Blondia, C., Barz,
> > >               C., Rogge, H., Freitag, F., Navarro, L., Bonicioli, J.,
> > >               Papathanasiou, S., and P. Escrich, "A case for research
> > >               with and on community networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
> > >               Communication Review vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 68-73, 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Castignani_a]
> > >               Castignani, G., Loiseau, L., and N. Montavont, "An
> > >               Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 Community Networks
> Deployments",
> > >               Information Networking (ICOIN), 2011 International
> > >               Conference on , vol., no., pp.498,503, 26-28 , 2011.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 28]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [Castignani_b]
> > >               Castignani, G., Monetti, J., Montavont, N., Arcia-Moret,
> > >               A., Frank, R., and T. Engel, "A Study of Urban IEEE
> 802.11
> > >               Hotspot Networks: Towards a Community Access Network",
> > >               Wireless Days (WD), 2013 IFIP , pp.1,8, 13-15 , 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Castignani_c]
> > >               Castignani, G., Arcia-Moret, A., and N. Montavont, "A
> > >               study of the discovery process in 802.11 networks",
> > >               SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 15, no. 1, p.
> 25
> > >               , 2011.
> > >
> > >    [DAE]      European Commission, EC., "A Digital Agenda for Europe",
> > >               Communication from the Commission of 19 May 2010 to the
> > >               European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic
> > >               and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - A
> > >               Digital Agenda for Europe , 2010.
> > >
> > >    [Everylayer]
> > >               former Volo Broadband, Everylayer., "Everylayer",
> > >               Everylayer web page, http://www.everylayer.com/ , 2015.
> > >
> > >    [FNF]      The Free Network Foundation, FNF., "The Free Network
> > >               Foundation", The Free Network Foundation web page,
> > >               https://thefnf.org/ , 2014.
> > >
> > >    [Flickenger]
> > >               Flickenger, R., Okay, S., Pietrosemoli, E., Zennaro, M.,
> > >               and C. Fonda, "Very Long Distance Wi-Fi Networks", NSDR
> > >               2008, The Second ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Networked
> Systems
> > >               for Developing Regions. USA, 2008 , 2008.
> > >
> > >    [Fon]      Fon Wireless Limited, Fon., "What is Fon", Fon web page,
> > >               https://corp.fon.com/en , 2014.
> > >
> > >    [Hanbali]  Hanbali, A., Altman, E., and P. Nain, "A Survey of TCP
> > >               over Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol.
> > >               7, pp. 22-36 , 2005.
> > >
> > >    [Heer]     Heer, T., Hummen, R., Viol, N., Wirtz, H., Gotz, S., and
> > >               K. Wehrle, "Collaborative municipal Wi-Fi networks-
> > >               challenges and opportunities", Pervasive Computing and
> > >               Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2010 8th
> IEEE
> > >               International Conference on (pp. 588-593). IEEE. , 2010.
> > >
> > >    [IEEE]     Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE,
> > >               "IEEE Standards association", 2012.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 29]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [Komnios]  Komnios, I., Sathiaseelan, A., and J. Crowcroft, "LEDBAT
> > >               performance in subpacket regimes", IEEE/IFIP WONS,
> > >               Austria, April 2014 , 2014.
> > >
> > >    [Lampropulos]
> > >               Lampropulos, A., Castignani, G., Blanc, A., and N.
> > >               Montavont, "Wi2Me: A Mobile Sensing Platform for Wireless
> > >               Heterogeneous Networks", 32nd International Conference on
> > >               Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCS
> Workshops),
> > >               2012, pp. 108-113 , 2012.
> > >
> > >    [Lowenstedt]
> > >               Huggler, J., "Lowenstedt Villagers Built Own Fiber Optic
> > >               Network", The Telegraph, 03 Jun 2014, available at
> > >               http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/
> > >               germany/10871150/
> > >               German-villagers-set-up-their-own-broadband-network.html
> ,
> > >               2014.
> > >
> > >    [Mexican]  Varma, S., "Lowenstedt Villagers Built Own Fiber Optic
> > >               Network", The Times of India, 27 Aug 2013, available at
> > >               http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/
> > >               Ignored-by-big-companies-Mexican-village-creates-its-own-
> > >               mobile-service/articleshow/22094736.cms , 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Neumann]  Neumann, A., Lopez, E., and L. Navarro, "An evaluation of
> > >               bmx6 for community wireless networks", In Wireless and
> > >               Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob),
> > >               2012 IEEE 8th International Conference on (pp. 651-658).
> > >               IEEE. , 2012.
> > >
> > >    [PAWS]     Sathiaseelan, A., Crowcroft, J., Goulden, M.,
> > >               Greiffenhagen, C., Mortier, R., Fairhurst, G., and D.
> > >               McAuley, "Public Access WiFi Service (PAWS)", Digital
> > >               Economy All Hands Meeting, Aberdeen , Oct 2012.
> > >
> > >    [Pietrosemoli]
> > >               Pietrosemoli, E., Zennaro, M., and C. Fonda, "Low cost
> > >               carrier independent telecommunications infrastructure",
> In
> > >               proc. 4th Global Information Infrastructure and
> Networking
> > >               Symposium, Choroni, Venezuela , 2012.
> > >
> > >    [Rendon]   Rendon, A., Ludena, P., and A. Martinez Fernandez,
> > >               "Tecnologias de la Informacion y las Comunicaciones para
> > >               zonas rurales Aplicacion a la atencion de salud en paises
> > >               en desarrollo", CYTED. Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia
> > >               y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo , 2011.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 30]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [Ros]      Ros, D. and M. Welzl, "Assessing LEDBAT's Delay Impact",
> > >               Communications Letters, IEEE , vol.17, no.5,
> pp.1044,1047,
> > >               May 2013 , 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Samanta]  Samanta, V., Knowles, C., Wagmister, J., and D. Estrin,
> > >               "Metropolitan Wi-Fi Research Network at the Los Angeles
> > >               State Historic Park", The Journal of Community
> > >               Informatics, North America, 4 , May 2008.
> > >
> > >    [Sathiaseelan_a]
> > >               Sathiaseelan, A., Rotsos, C., Sriram, C., Trossen, D.,
> > >               Papadimitriou, P., and J. Crowcroft, "Virtual Public
> > >               Networks", In Software Defined Networks (EWSDN), 2013
> > >               Second European Workshop on (pp. 1-6). IEEE. , 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Sathiaseelan_b]
> > >               Sathiaseelan, A. and J. Crowcroft, "LCD-Net: Lowest Cost
> > >               Denominator Networking", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
> > >               Communication Review , Apr 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Sathiaseelan_c]
> > >               Sathiaseelan, A., Mortier, R., Goulden, M.,
> Greiffenhagen,
> > >               C., Radenkovic, M., Crowcroft, J., and D. McAuley, "A
> > >               Feasibility Study of an In-the-Wild Experimental Public
> > >               Access WiFi Network", ACM DEV 5, Proceedings of the Fifth
> > >               ACM Symposium on Computing for Development, San Jose ,
> Dec
> > >               2014 pp 33-42, 2014.
> > >
> > >    [Suresh]   Suresh, L., Schulz-Zander, J., Merz, R., Feldmann, A.,
> and
> > >               T. Vazao, "Towards Programmable Enterprise WLANs with
> > >               ODIN", In Proceedings of the first workshop on Hot topics
> > >               in software defined networks (HotSDN '12). ACM, New York,
> > >               NY, USA, 115-120 , 2012.
> > >
> > >    [Vega]     Vega, D., Cerda-Alabern, L., Navarro, L., and R.
> Meseguer,
> > >               "Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi. net.",
> > >               Proceedings Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and
> > >               Communications (WiMob), 2012 IEEE 8th International
> > >               Conference on (pp. 612-619) , 2012.
> > >
> > >    [WNDW]     Wireless Networking in the Developing World/Core
> > >               Contributors, "Wireless Networking in the Developing
> > >               World, 3rd Edition", The WNDW Project, available at
> > >               wndw.net , 2013.
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 31]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    [WSIS]     International Telecommunications Union, ITU, "Declaration
> > >               of Principles. Building the Information Society: A global
> > >               challenge in the new millenium", World Summit on the
> > >               Information Society, 2003, at http://www.itu.int/wsis,
> > >               accessed 12 January 2004. , Dec 2013.
> > >
> > >    [Zennaro]  Zennaro, M., Fonda, C., Pietrosemoli, E., Muyepa, A.,
> > >               Okay, S., Flickenger, R., and S. Radicella, "On a long
> > >               wireless link for rural telemedicine in Malawi", 6th
> > >               International Conference on Open Access, Lilongwe, Malawi
> > >               , Nov 2008.
> > >
> > > Authors' Addresses
> > >
> > >    Jose Saldana (editor)
> > >    University of Zaragoza
> > >    Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building
> > >    Zaragoza  50018
> > >    Spain
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Andres Arcia-Moret
> > >    Universidad de Los Andes
> > >    Facultad de Ingenieria. Sector La Hechicera
> > >    Merida  5101
> > >    Venezuela
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Bart Braem
> > >    iMinds
> > >    Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (bus 102)
> > >    Gent  9050
> > >    Belgium
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 32]
> > > Internet-Draft       Alternative Network Deployments        January
> 2015
> > >
> > >
> > >    Leandro Navarro
> > >    U. Politecnica Catalunya
> > >    Jordi Girona, 1-3, D6
> > >    Barcelona  08034
> > >    Spain
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Ermanno Pietrosemoli
> > >    ICTP
> > >    Via Beirut 7
> > >    Trieste  34151
> > >    Italy
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Carlos Rey-Moreno
> > >    University of the Western Cape
> > >    Robert Sobukwe road
> > >    Bellville  7535
> > >    South Africa
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Arjuna Sathiaseelan
> > >    University of Cambridge
> > >    15 JJ Thomson Avenue
> > >    Cambridge  CB30FD
> > >    United Kingdom
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >    Marco Zennaro
> > >    Abdus Salam ICTP
> > >    Strada Costiera 11
> > >    Trieste  34100
> > >    Italy
> > >
> > >    Phone: [phone]
> > >    Email: [e-mail]
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > Saldana, et al.           Expires July 25, 2015                [Page
> 33]
> >
> > Mat
>
>
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