[Ietf-languages] Re: Braille types

["Steven R. Loomis" <[e-mail]>]

Yes, I misspoke (mistyped) -  my example should have had an m0 in it (being from this list) such as -m0-bgn

https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/bcp47/transform.xml" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/bcp47/transform.xml

If CLDR added an -m0-brai1 etc tag meaning level 1 then my example would be:

 en-Latn-t-en-Brai-m0-brai1

I thought that -x- can’t be used in the middle of a construction, the remainder of the tag is private use.  

I’m interested in uses of these.

Steven

Enviado desde mi iPad

El jul 15, 2026, a la(s) 3:07 p.m., Hugh Paterson III <[e-mail]> escribió:



Thanks Steve,

This example is useful.

I think your example would then be underspecificed for the specific variant of Braille represented in a body of text. Perhaps some sort of 0m- construction would be needed. There have been 4 historic encoding varieties used in amharic according to [1]. But the levels known as contracted or uncontracted (which I did not see discussed in the linked resource) are not described and there is no general subtag for LEVEL1 or LEVEL2 (which could be used across different 'language - country - script' pairings). 

If I am not mistaken, then an x-level1 tag would not be usable with a -t- construction. 

Invalid: *de-ch-brai-x-level1-t-fr-ch-brai-x-level2

In thinking about a broad scoping solution, would a general purpose set of three tags for Braille be useful? I mean something like  -level1 -level2 -level3 IF these are proposed at the variant level, then how do they interact with other variant tags?

- Hugh

Teshome Alemu. 2009. “Recognition of Amharic Braille.” M. Sc. Thesis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1306.3284" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">10.13140/RG.2.1.1306.3284.

On Tue, Jul 14, 2026 at 7:56 PM Steven R. Loomis <[e-mail]> wrote:

Hopefully this is helpful.

In CLDR we have had contributed at least one Braille transform, using:

https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/transforms/am-Ethi-t-am-brai.xml" dir="ltr" role="button" width="300" target="_blank">

<cldr.png>

https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/transforms/am-Ethi-t-am-brai.xml" target="_blank">cldr/common/transforms/am-Ethi-t-am-brai.xml at main · unicode-org/cldr https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/main/common/transforms/am-Ethi-t-am-brai.xml" target="_blank">github.com

The file is typed with BCP47 t-extension:

   am-Ethi-t-am-Brai

That is, Amharic in the Ethiopic script, transformed to Amharic in the Braille script. 

This format can have variants and such, so i would imagine

en-t-en-Brai-LEVEL1

-s

Enviado desde mi iPad

El jul 14, 2026, a la(s) 9:18 p.m., Hugh Paterson III <[e-mail]> escribió:



Greetings,

I am investigating a few cases of multilingual content and data transfer in Braille. I am wondering if anyone has some practical experience with or example multi-lingual braille text?

I don't see any specific entities in the registry that are bound to only be used with braille script but it seems that any language, country, and then [Brai] could be used. But as I have investigated deeper there are often different text encoding standards within a single language-country-Brai set. For example US English has 3 levels of text encoding (direct 1-to-1 with latin, ligature use for common digraphs, and a type of shorthand), other languages have different levels as well. I don't recall any discussion on this list about these issues and I don't see anything in the registry. Am I missing something obvious to others, but hidden to me? ;-)

I have found the following resources enlightening (especially #2):

1. https://www.perkins.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/world-braille-usage-third-edition.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://www.perkins.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/world-braille-usage-third-edition.pdf

2. https://www.ukaaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/UEB-foreign-language-guidelines-PDF-file.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://www.ukaaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/UEB-foreign-language-guidelines-PDF-file.pdf

3. https://bskdl.org" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://bskdl.org

4. https://www.ukaaf.org/service/braille/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://www.ukaaf.org/service/braille/

5. https://www.ukaaf.org/standards/ueb/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://www.ukaaf.org/standards/ueb/

Kind Regards,

Hugh Paterson III

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