Re: [Int-area] Where/How is the features innovation, happening? Re: 202201152233.AYC

[Jiayihao <[e-mail]>]

Hello Abe,

0) Really appreciate sharing the story of Call-ID. It is really a fresh term and tech to me, and seems I haven’t got a chance to experience the Call-ID time. Really good to learn.

1) Based on my rough understanding of Call-ID, it is a classical example of how we choice to name an object. Assuming we want to visit the Apple Campus (the Headquarters of Apple Inc.) with our Google map, we can type a) Apple Campus (Name); b) 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014 (Locator 1); c) 37.33182°N 122.03118°W(Locator 2). The only difference is which one people would like to use, or which one is more friendly to human in their practice. My understanding is that people prefer Name while computer prefer Locator, so usually a system would like to provide the Name to users and build a subordinate Mapping system as while to corelate the name and the locator. DNS is just a good example we use every day.

2) Agree on your insight that authentication to just Call-ID(phone number) do not make much sense because it only provide the authentication of Locator, while leave the Name, which users are more willing to perceive, unauthenticated. I find that IETF STIR wg is working on this topic. Although I am not familiar right now, I feel a PKI/Certificate should be involved in order to gain practical value.

3) In a peer to peer context, IMHO, the Name based interface is more practically valuable compared to Locator based one, just like the name instead of phone number in the Call-ID case because the numbers do not offer any meaning even it is authenticated.

4) Agree on “….that we must have a "system view"….” and “…Some are not based on technology, but business practices or just mentality….”. But I feel there is no Silver Bullet and I don’t have an answer yet. It is really enjoyable to discuss and I will keep thinking on this.

Many thanks, Abe,
Yihao

From: Abraham Y. Chen <[e-mail]>
Sent: 2022年1月17日 1:21
To: Jiayihao <[e-mail]>
Cc: [e-mail]; Tom Herbert <[e-mail]>
Subject: Re: [Int-area] Where/How is the features innovation, happening? Re: 202201152233.AYC
Importance: High

Hi, YiHao:

1)    "...  I am curious how we can step back a bit as you said. ... current privacy are ultimately rely on trust point. ...":    I have already outlined (perhaps hinted) what is needed to deal with this issue. That is, we have to look at the overall environment, not just keep digging deeper into the technology itself. No matter how great the technology is, there are always ways to get around or to defeat it. Some are not based on technology, but business practices or just mentality. In the case of the APPLE refusing to support LE, it was the combination of business decision (The LE decided to do it by themselves and to look for help from "volunteers") and the technical challenge (viewed by "hackers" as fun with reward) that bypassed the "trust point".

2)    To demonstrate my point, I would like to share a brief history of a related topic, although based on an opposite initial intention, for you to compare and to figure out how to deal with the incident privacy / security goal. It was a service started with great results, but deteriorated by various business considerations and other influences to a point of nearly useless. The service was called Caller-ID. When it was first introduced to identify the caller for the convenience of the called party, it also put a big dent on telemarketers. That was because the capability was based on a facility inherent in the telephone system that no outsiders could touch. With the breakup of the Bell System, the Baby-Bells (There were seven to start with. They have gone through the M&A processes to become one AT&T again!) started to compete against one another. Some marketing genius invented the idea of offering (of course with compensation in return) big subscribers to customize their Caller-ID messages for various purposes, such as announcing sales. -- Note: Thanks to digital technology, the telephone switching equipment used by big business (called PABX) had become just as powerful as those used by local telcos (COs - Central Offices) where Caller-ID information originated. This allowed telemarketers (pretty big operations) to masquerade behind any phone number desired, such as using the same local exchange prefix number as that of the target subscribers to pretend being a neighbor. Still, a called could pick out welcomed callers by paying some attention to the message displayed. After VoIP became widely used, rather than mimicking the practice employed by cellular phone industry, making sense out of the VoIP based phone numbers became mind-boggling for practically everyone. No wonder that Robocalls became much prevalent than the past telemarketer calls.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID#History

3)    With the FCC's Authentication program, the Robocalls may be tempered for awhile. But, the caller name has been dropped out of the Caller-ID message, because the carriers now treat such as their own valuable merchandise that the called party has to pay to receive it (Try figuring out how to identify such relationships and then to establish agreements?) An incoming call now may have a "[V]" prefix indicating it has passed the "Stir/Shaken" Verification process, followed by only a caller phone number without name which becomes pretty much the same challenge for most people to begin with. So, the Caller-ID service has pretty much lost its original intended main purpose.

    https://www.fcc.gov/call-authentication

4)    In brief, Caller-ID was designed under an environment of uniformly structured system (the PSTN). Even so, it quickly degraded to a service with minimal residual value when system fragmentation, diverse marketing incentives, narrow-mindedness (individual's "freedom"?), etc. came into play. With distributed network architecture and operation philosophy as the foundation, I will venture to say that the Internet would have a hard time to just mimic the identification of the "well-behaved" subscribers like the original Caller-ID service, let alone hiding their identity and providing security. What I am saying is that we must have a "system view" of all parameters involved in an issue, before we could define what we can do and which we want to do. Then, the chosen technology may have a chance to deliver the expected goal. Otherwise, we will be just spinning the wheels on partial solutions from the diverse individualized perspectives.

Regards,



Abe (2022-01-16 12:20 EST)




On 2022-01-13 01:33, Jiayihao wrote:
Hello Abe,

I think we agree on that it is hard for sender to "hide" the identities in terms of IP.
And I am curious how we can step back a bit as you said. My concerns focus on that if we want improve the privacy (even if one step further), what direction could we head? I embrace any insight that can enlighten me.

As for the event you mentioned about Apple, Apple is just another trust point a lot of us trust. So back to the case that current privacy are ultimately rely on trust point. Whether we could remove the trust point is indeed a question for me.

Maybe Tor network provide an good example for the volunteer mode rather than trust point.

Thanks,
Yihao

From: Abraham Y. Chen <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Sent: 2022年1月12日 0:22
To: Jiayihao <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Cc: [e-mail]<mailto:[e-mail]>; Tom Herbert <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Subject: Re: [Int-area] Where/How is the features innovation, happening? Re: 202201111037.AYC
Importance: High

Hi, YiHao:

0)    It appears to me that you are still applying your own technical considerations around the subject. Doing so will perpetuate the current stalemate. What I suggested was to step back a bit, in order to visualize an overall picture of the logic and interactions among the parties involved.

1)    " ...  I would say the current countermeasures are designed for anyone except the LE because LE can force any part to disclose specific data ...    ":    Then, make this an explicit statement as the design criterion for the privacy measures, so that the LEs will not have the excuses to do mass surveillance. Bragging there is no back-door, or even refusing to support LE when requested, such as Apple's position on a criminal case sometime ago as I heard, LEs will get it done anyway by looking for "volunteers" from third-party encryption crackers when their internal resources could not. Then, the solution to the secret is out in the hacker community.

2)    I learned a long time ago that a sophisticated lock is out there for challenging a hacker to figure out a way to break into it. Way back when, a chemist told me that even Epoxies had solvents. So, we should not stretch our energy to cover too much aspects that some tend to be counterproductive for the society as a whole, in the long run.

Regards,


Abe (2022-01-11 11:22)



On 2022-01-07 02:29, Jiayihao wrote:
Hello Abe,

Happy new year!

The postal system analogy is a good story to understand IP, but not equal to the pessimistic conclusion you made. For the conclusion part, I am fully agree with Tom’s arguments.

As you focus on IP(v4/v6) specifically, we more or less follow the logic of How TCP/IP works. Within TCP/IP, privacy can be divided into content encryption (A) and content delivery (B). A and B both belong to user privacy. However, A and B are different things.

For A, Tom’s arguments is good enough. As for B, same as Tom’s but one more thing to point. Since you care more about the LE, I would say the current countermeasures are designed for anyone except the LE because LE can force any part to disclose specific data that should be uncovered under its design philosophy.

In short, in IP ecosystem, both A and B is still worth doing. However, as I mentioned in my last mail, any design philosophy/architecture has somehow implicit *trust party*. But a LE could be All-powerful because the fundament of *trust party* is break and no *trust party* anymore if you put LE into consideration.

As you mentioned in your last email that there are conflicts requirements, it happens all the time. RFC 8890 give the answer and the direction IETF choose.

So back to the questions I am wondering: If we can upgrade the architecture somehow, can we enhance the privacy by ways that more than current countermeasures like RFC7721 can do?

Have an excellent 2022!
Best,
Yihao

From: Abraham Y. Chen <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Sent: 2022年1月1日 0:58
To: Tom Herbert <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Cc: Jiayihao <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>; [e-mail]<mailto:[e-mail]>
Subject: Re: [Int-area] Where/How is the features innovation, happening? Re: 202112301817.AYC
Importance: High

Hi, Tom:

1)    "Your argument seems to be that we shouldn't bother with things like security or encryption at all :-) ...    ":    My apologies for getting you to an unexpected conclusion. Perhaps I failed to make an explicit statement because I thought that I was following a thread about the IPv4 or IPv6 addresses "scrambling" schemes for protecting the privacy of or increasing the security to users. That is, we should look at this subject by the "Divide & Conquer" concept. In other words, I was saying that encrypting the "Content" part as much as the sender / receiver pair agrees to. But, keep the "Address" part mostly clear. This way, the LE parties will not have the excuse of performing "mass surveillance" by scooping up everything, then take time to digest and regurgitate the "Content" for hidden treasures. (Remember the report that the German Chancellor's telephone calls were picked up by spy agencies?) Rumors have been, that high performance computer and large capacity storage device manufacturers are having a field day supplying equipment to LE organizations such as NSA because the current Internet trend.

2)    Since my engineering training started from RF (Radio Frequency or Wireless -- actually all bands from audio all the way to 60+ GHz), then telephony, and cellular phone before getting involved with the Internet, allow me to briefly describe my understanding of the characteristics of each with respect to our current discussion. Hopefully, the below can thread different fields together to clarify my point:

    A.    In the RF field, any signal that is transmitted (sent) into the "ether" is a fair game for everyone. So, there is no "Address" in the basic RF signal transmission. Most RF equipment does not transmit its identification by itself unless the user does so as part of the "Content" on purpose. For example, a commercial (AM, FM, TV) station announces its station ID, or call-sign (Address) as part of the broadcast (Content) according to FCC Rules. So, in RF communication, we concentrate only on encrypting the "Content" (such as scrambled / encode speech) for proprietary applications.

    B.    For traditional land-line telephony services, the caller's phone number (Address) is fixed by wiring (nailed up) upon subscription. Only the called party's phone number (Addressee) is dialed once to tell the switching system who is the destination party, so that the switches can make the connection. Once the called party answers, the actual session consists of only "Content" exchanges, no more "Address" information necessary. Speech scramblers may be used on either end as a pair, for private conversation (Content).

    C.   RF signals from cellular mobile phone do carry the handset (and the cell tower) identifications (Addresses) on both ends without the user's knowledge to facilitate establishing and maintaining a connection, while the user constantly crosses the boundaries between cells. Similarly, speech scramblers may be used on either end as a pair for private conversation (Content). Note that since VoIP is behind the scene these days, cellular mobile service is supported by a mixture of both the traditional telephony and the Internet infrastructures.

    D.   If we look at the Internet environment itself, it is kind like the cellular mobile phone service. It is inherently wide open like RF because packets are forwarded by unstructured mesh routers allowing everyone to listen in. Yet, each IP packet header carries the Addresses of both ends for directing routers to deliver the packet, as well as for the return packet. So, how much can a sender "hide" the identities of either or both ends for privacy while still enables the routers to deliver the packet to its intended destination effectively is a real challenge. Whatever the scheme chosen, it can not be too sophisticated to over-burden the routers which means that it is probably mot much a challenge for a perpetrator intentionally trying to crack the scheme.

3)    My sense from the above analysis is that attempting to make the "Address" part of an IP packet "cryptic" for improving the privacy / security properties of the "Content" is probably futile. The more we attempt doing it, the stronger the LEs' argument for mass surveillance, even though they probably already knew the solution.

4)    On the other hand, if we push too hard on strengthening the encryption of the "Content" without a back door, we essentially are helping the perpetrators. This is because if this part worked, the LEs will not be able to monitor and catch the criminals!

5)    So, we need to review the pros and cons of the end results, before jumping into a scheme.


Happy New Year!



Abe (2021-12-31 11:57 EST)



On 2021-12-30 13:29, Tom Herbert wrote:


On Mon, Dec 27, 2021 at 7:00 PM Abraham Y. Chen <[e-mail]<mailto:[e-mail]>> wrote:
Hi, YiHao:

0)    Hope you had a Merry Christmas as well!

1)    Re: Ur. Pts 1) & 2):    Allow me to modify and expand your definitions of the abbreviations, ICP & ISP, a bit to streamline our discussion, then focusing on related meanings of the two keyword prefixes, "C" and "A" in the middle of them:

    A.    ICP (Internet Content Provider):    This is the same as you are using.

    B.    IAP (Internet Access Provider):    This will represent the ISP that you are referring to.

    C.    ISP (Internet Service Provider):    This will be used as the general expression that covers both ICP and IAP above.

    With these, I agree in general with your analysis.

2)    From the above, there is a simpler (layman's instead of engineer's) way to look at this riddle. Let's consider the old fashioned postal service. A letter itself is the "Content". The envelop has the "Address". The postal service cares only what is on the envelop. In fact, it is commonly practiced without explicitly identified that one letter may have multiple layers of envelops that each is opened by the "Addressee" who then forward the next "Addressee" according to the "Address" on the inside envelop, accordingly. To a larger scale, postal services put envelops destined to the same city in one bag. Then, bags destined to the same country in one container, etc. This process is refined to multiple levels depending on the volume of the mail and the facility (routes) available for delivery. Then, the containers are opened progressively along the destination route. No wonder that the US Postal Service claimed (during the early days of the Internet) that the mail system was the fist "packet switching" system.

3)    So, in this analogy, the "Address" on each and every envelop has to be in the clear (not coded or encrypted in any sense) for the mail handlers to work with. It is only the most inner "Content", the letter itself, can have Confidential information (or encrypted if the sender wishes). Under this scenario, the LE (Law Enforcement) is allowed only to track suspected mail by the "Addresses". And, any specific surveillance is only authorized by court, case by case. While no one can prevent LE bypassing this procedure, cases built by violating this requirement would be the ground for being thrown out of the court.

4)    However, in the Internet environment, largely, if not most, Addresses are dynamic. There is no way to specify an IP Address for surveillance of a suspect. This gives the LE the perfect excuse to scoop up everything and then analyze offline. This gives them plenty of time to try various ways to decrypt the encoded messages and the opportunity to sift through everything for incidental "surprise bonus finds". The result is that practically no privacy is left for anyone. is means that all of the schemes of scrambling IP Addresses are useless at the end. So, why do we bother with doing so, at all?

Abe,

Happy New Year!

Your argument seems to be that we shouldn't bother with things like security or encryption at all :-) While it's true that anything sent into the Internet can be intercepted and analyzed offline, it's clearly the intent of security and privacy mechanisms to make offline analysis of data ineffective or at least cost prohibitive. For encryption the calculation is pretty straightforward, the complexity and cost and breaking a cipher is generally correlated to the key size. So for any given key size, it can be determined what sort of resources are required to break the code. This is a continuous escalation as attackers gain access for more computational resources and there are breakthroughs like in quantum computing that require rethinking encryption.  But regardless, the effectiveness of encryption at any given point of time is quantifiable.

For security and privacy in IP addresses I believe we should be similarly taking a quantitative approach. This is where RFC7721 fails. The recommendation of RFC7721 is that for better security, use temporary addresses with shorter lifetimes. But the RFC doesn't attempt to quantify the relationship between address lifetime and the security that's offered or even say what specific lifetime is recommended for optimal security. For instance, if the user changes their interface address twice a day instead of once a day does that halve the chances that some may breach their security by correlating two different flows that they source from the user? Probably not. But, what if they change their address every five minutes? How much better is that than changing the address once a day? It's intuitive that it should be better security, but is it _really_ better? And if it is better, are the benefits worth the aggravation of changing the address. This is quite similar to some companies that have a policy that everyone needs to change their passwords periodically. Studies have shown that there is little quantitative value in doing this and in fact the net effect is likely less security and increased user aggravation-- even so, companies will continue to do this because it's easier to stick with the inertia of intuition.

The fix for the password problem is one time passwords (OTP) and IMO that hints at the fix for the address security problems described in RFC7712, essentially we need single use source addresses per each connection.  The security effects of single use addresses are quantifiable, i.e. given sample packets from independent two flows generated by the same user, without additional information it isn't possible for a third party to correlate that they are sourced by the same user.

Tom



Happy New Year!


Abe (2021-12-27 21:59)





On 2021-12-23 22:26, Jiayihao wrote:
Hello Abe,

Users are unwilling to be watched by any parties(ISP, and ICP also) excepts users themselves. Actually I would like to divide the arguments into 2 case: network layers and below (not completely but mostly controlled by ISP); transport layers and above (not completely but mostly controlled by ICP).

1) For transport layers and above, Encryption Everywhere (like TLS) is a good tool to provide user privacy. However, it is only a tool against ISPs, while ICPs survive and keep gaining revenue (even by selling data like the negative news of Facebook, or Meta, whatever you call it). As discussed, it is not networks faults because IP provides peer-to-peer already. You may blame CGNAT in ISP increasingly contributes to a C/S mode in replacing P2P, like in China where IPv4 addresses are scare and CGNAT is almost everywhere. However, I don’t find the situation any better in U.S. where most of IPv4 address are located. It is a business choice to overwrite the mode to be peer-ICP-peer(C/S mode) at application layer, other than utilize the P2P mode that natively provided by IP.

In this case, there are trust points and they are ICPs.

2) For network layers and below, ISP and IP still provide a pure P2P network, and Encryption in TLS do not blind ISP in IP layer since IP header is still in plaintext and almost controlled by ISP. That is to say, in an access network scenario, the access network provide can see every trace of every user at network layer level (although exclude the encrypted payload). To against this, one can use Proxy(i.e., VPN, Tor) to bypass the trace analysis just like the CGNAT does. The only difference is that detour points (Proxies) belong to a third party, not ISP.

In this case, there are trust points and they are third party proxies.

The bottom line is that trust points are everywhere explicitly or implicitly, and privacy can be leaked from every (trust) point that you trust (or have business with). No matter what network system you have, no matter it is PSTN or ATM, these trust points are just the weak points for your privacy, and the only things users can beg is that *ALL* trust points are 1) well behave/don’t be evil; 2)system is advanced enough that can’t be hacked by any others; 3) protected by law.

I would say pretty challenging and also expecting to reach that.
Network itself just cannot be bypassed in reaching that.

Merry Christmas,
Yihao


From: Abraham Y. Chen <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Sent: 2021年12月23日 10:01
To: Jiayihao <[e-mail]><mailto:[e-mail]>
Cc: [e-mail]<mailto:[e-mail]>; [e-mail]<mailto:[e-mail]>
Subject: Re: [Int-area] Where/How is the features innovation, happening? Re: 202112221726.AYC
Importance: High


Hi, YiHao:

0)    I am glad that you distilled the complex and elusive privacy / security tradeoff issues to a very unique and concise perspective.

1)    Yes, the IPv4 CG-NAT and IPv6 Temporary address may seem to provide some privacy protection. However, with the availability of the computing power, these (and others such as VPN) approaches may be just ostrich mentality.  On the other hand, they provide the perfect excuse for the government (at least US) to justify for "mass surveillance". For example, the following is a recent news report which practically defeats all current "privacy protection" attempts.

    https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2021/12/08/federal-court-upholds-terrorism-conviction-mass-surveillance-case/6440325001/

[jiayihao] there is no doubt.

2)    Rather than contradicting efforts, it is time to review whether any of these schemes such as mapping techniques really is effective for the perceived "protection". As much of the current science fiction type crime scene detective novel / movie / TV program hinted, the government probably has more capability to zero-in on anyone than an ordinary citizen can imagine, anyway. And, businesses have gathered more information about us than they will ever admit. Perhaps we should "think out of the box" by going back to the PSTN days of definitive subscriber identification systems, so that accordingly we will behave appropriately on the Internet, and the government will be allowed to only monitor suspected criminals by filing explicit (although in secret) requests, case by case, to the court for approval?



Happy Holidays!





Abe (2021-12-22 21:00 EST)



Hello Tom,



The privacy countermeasure for IPv4/IPv6 is interestingly different.

IPv4 usually utilize CGNAT, i.e., M(hosts)-to-N(IPs), where M >> N so that the host could remain anonymous

IPv6 usually utilize Temporary address, i.e., 1(host)-to-M(IPs[at least suffix level]), where M >> 1 so that the host could remain anonymous.



HOWEVER, I don't feel any approach reaches privacy perfectly, because access network have a global perspective on M-to-N or 1-to-M mapping.

For this, it is hard to be convinced that IPv4/6 itself can reach a perfect privacy.



Thanks,

Yihao Jia



-----------



I believe CGNAT is better than IPv6 in terms of privacy in addressing.

In fact one might argue that IPv4 provides better privacy and security

than IPv6 in this regard. Temporary addresses are not single use which

means the attacker can correlate addresses from a user between

unrelated flows during the quantum the temporary address is used. When

a user changes their address, the attacker can continue monitoring if

it is signaled that the address changed. Here is a fairly simple

exploit I derived to do that (from

draft-herbert-ipv6-prefix-address-privacy-00).



The exploit is:

      o An attacker creates an "always connected" app that provides some

        seemingly benign service and users download the app.

      o The app includes some sort of persistent identity. For instance,

        this could be an account login.

      o The backend server for the app logs the identity and IP address

        of a user each time they connect

      o When an address change happens, existing connections on the user

        device are disconnected. The app will receive a notification and

        immediately attempt to reconnect using the new source address.

      o The backend server will see the new connection and log the new

        IP address as being associated with the specific user. Thus,

the server has

        a real-time record of users and the IP address they are using.

      o The attacker intercepts packets at some point in the Internet.

        The addresses in the captured packets can be time correlated

        with the server database to deduce identities of parties in

        communications that are unrelated to the app.



The only way I see to mitigate this sort of surveillance is single use

addresses. That is effectively what  CGNAT can provide.



Tom

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