[IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2-08
Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu> Tue, 05 November 2019 02:38 UTC
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Date: Mon, 04 Nov 2019 18:38:31 -0800
From: Benjamin Kaduk <kaduk@mit.edu>
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Subject: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2-08
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Hi all, Thanks for this document -- it's pretty readable (once I did my background reading on RFC 7296) and is an interim measure that we're seeing some demand for already. Sorry to have been sitting on this for so long; my backlog is taking longer to clear than planned. There are a few substantitve comments mixed in with the nits -- the IANA Considerations in particular will probably need a bit more attention to get fleshed out with what we need. Anyway, here are the section-by-section notes. Abstract The possibility of Quantum Computers pose a serious challenge to cryptography algorithms deployed widely today. IKEv2 is one example nit: singular/plural mismatch "possibility"/"pose". maybe-nit: s/cryptography/cryptographic/? Section 1 It is an open question whether or not it is feasible to build a Quantum Computer (and if so, when one might be implemented), but if Feasibility of some quantum computer is becoming much less of an open question; perhaps we want some qualifiers about efficiency, scale, and/or general-purpose-nature. would be compromised. IKEv1 [RFC2409], when used with strong preshared keys, is not vulnerable to quantum attacks, because those keys are one of the inputs to the key derivation function. If the preshared key has sufficient entropy and the PRF, encryption and authentication transforms are postquantum secure, then the resulting system is believed to be quantum resistant, that is, invulnerable to an attacker with a Quantum Computer. Do we have a reference for this "it is believed", or is it just the outcome of the WG discussions? The general idea is that we add an additional secret that is shared between the initiator and the responder; this secret is in addition to the authentication method that is already provided within IKEv2. We stir this secret into the SK_d value, which is used to generate the key material (KEYMAT) and the SKEYSEED for the child SAs; this secret provides quantum resistance to the IPsec SAs (and any child IKE SAs). We also stir the secret into the SK_pi, SK_pr values; this allows both sides to detect a secret mismatch cleanly. With apologies for the pedanticism, let's be careful what wording we use, as just mixing into SK_d is not necessarily enough to get quantum resitsance for the parent IPsec SA. [need to check this some more] Section 1.2 Every directorate reviewer and IESG member is going to suggest that we use the RFC 8174 version of the boilerplate, if we don't preemptively do so :) Section 2 We assume that each IKE peer has a list of Postquantum Preshared Keys (PPK) along with their identifiers (PPK_ID), and any potential IKE initiator has a selection of which PPK to use with any specific responder. In addition, implementations have a configurable flag nit: I'm not sure what "has a selection of" is intended to mean. Is it more about making a choice of which PPK to use or about having a list to choose from? This PPK is independent of the preshared key (if any) that the IKEv2 I expect us to get a few questions about why we need a separate PPK in cases when an authentication psk is also available; a short note here might forestall such questions. (It's needed because PSK for auth does not feed into any of the other key derivations, right?) protocol uses to perform authentication. The PPK specific configuration that is assumed on each peer consists of the following tuple: Peer, PPK, PPK_ID, mandatory_or_not nit: we use "peer" twice here, and the context suggests that they refer to different parties in the different places. Section 3 N(USE_PPK) is a status notification payload with the type 16435; it has a protocol ID of 0, no SPI and no notification data associated with it. [check the IANA status of the value] If the responder does not support this specification or does not have any PPK configured, then she ignores the received notification and continues with the IKEv2 protocol as normal. Otherwise the responder checks if she has a PPK configured, and if she does, then the nit: we probably don't need to mention "if [...] PPK configured" twice. responder included the USE_PPK notification. If the responder did not and the flag mandatory_or_not indicates that using PPKs is mandatory for communication with this responder, then the initiator MUST abort the exchange. This situation may happen in case of We might get some directorate questions about what it means to "abort the exchange"; I note that RFC 7296 does not use that terminology, though I'm perfectly happy to leave this as-is and see if we get any ADs that are concerned about it. If the responder did not include the USE_PPK notification and using a PPK for this particular responder is optional, then the initiator continues with the IKEv2 protocol as normal, without using PPKs. Do we want to say anything about logging or notifications for this case, in case someone is concerned about the level of quantum-resistance in use? If the responder did include the USE_PPK notification, then the initiator selects a PPK, along with its identifier PPK_ID. Then, she computes this modification of the standard IKEv2 key derivation: Just to double-check: the responder's USE_PPK is just a boolean "I'm willing to do PPK", right? So we don't really hae a signal as to which PPK_IDs the peer thinks are valid? That is, we use the standard IKEv2 key derivation process except that the three subkeys SK_d, SK_pi, SK_pr are run through the prf+ again, this time using the PPK as the key. Using prf+ construction ensures Do we want to say anything about why only these three values need the PPK mixed in to them? (I guess the idea is that the parent SA is "short-lived" on the timescale of a quantum computer and the messages protected directly by it are not of interest to an attacker years in the future. This does mean that this scheme does not provide much value when a quantum computer is available at the time of the exchange, though, right? If the PPK_IDENTITY notification contains PPK_ID that is not known to nit: "a PPK_ID" the responder or is not configured for use for the identity from IDi payload, then the responder checks whether using PPKs for this initiator is mandatory and whether the initiator included NO_PPK_AUTH notification in the message. If using PPKs is mandatory or no NO_PPK_AUTH notification found, then then the responder MUST send nit: "is found" The responder then continues with the IKE_AUTH exchange (validating the AUTH payload that the initiator included) as usual and sends back a response, which includes the PPK_IDENTITY notification with no data to indicate that the PPK is used in the exchange: Why does the responder not need to transmit an explicit PPK_ID? (I see that the following paragraph says that the initiatore MUST ignore any content to that notification, but why?) not yet known to the responder. Once the IKE_AUTH request message containing PPK_IDENTITY notification is received, the responder follows rules described above for non-EAP authentication case. nits: (missing "the"s) "the PPK_IDENTITY notification", "the rules described above", "the non-EAP authentication case" Initiator Responder ---------------------------------------------------------------- HDR, SK {IDi, [CERTREQ,] [IDr,] SAi2, TSi, TSr} --> <-- HDR, SK {IDr, [CERT,] AUTH, EAP} HDR, SK {EAP} --> <-- HDR, SK {EAP (success)} HDR, SK {AUTH, N(PPK_IDENTITY, PPK_ID) [, N(NO_PPK_AUTH)]} --> <-- HDR, SK {AUTH, SAr2, TSi, TSr [, N(PPK_IDENTITY)]} Am I missing something subtle as to why N(PPK_IDENTIFY) is listed as optional here in the EAP case but not in the previous diagram for the non-EAP case? Section 4 With this configuration, the node will continue to operate with nodes that have not yet been upgraded. This is due to the USE_PPK notify and the NO_PPK_AUTH notify; if the initiator has not been upgraded, he will not send the USE_PPK notify (and so the responder will know nit: I think we should be consistent about using either "notification" or "Notify payload"/"Notify message", avoiding just the bare "notify". (Also occurs in subsequent locations that I won't quote/mention individually.) NO_PPK_AUTH notification. If both the responder and initiator have been upgraded and properly configured, they will both realize it, and in that case, the link will be quantum secure. I think that "the link will be quantum secure" is probably overselling things a little bit; for one, the confidentiality protection we provide is only for the child SAs, and the discussion earlier in the document is about providing protection for current connections against future development of a quantum computer, while most people probably think of full "quantum secure" as being protection even against a current quantum computer. As an optional second step, after all nodes have been upgraded, then the administrator should then go back through the nodes, and mark the use of PPK as mandatory. This will not affect the strength against a passive attacker; it would mean that an attacker with a Quantum Computer (which is sufficiently fast to be able to break the (EC)DH in real time) would not be able to perform a downgrade attack. It seems like (given the current lack of advice for logging/reporting, as noted above) changing the use of PPK to mandatory also serves to provide notification if any future misconfiguration changes regarding the use of PPK, to give a more robust indication of when the desired protection is not being applied. Section 5.1 initiator and the responder. The responder can use to do a look up the passed PPK_ID value to determine the corresponding PPK value. Not all implementations are able to configure arbitrary nit: this sentence is hard to follow; I suggest % The responder can use the PPK_ID to look up the corresponding PPK % value. value. Not all implementations are able to configure arbitrary octet strings; to improve the potential interoperability, it is recommended that, in the PPK_ID_FIXED case, both the PPK and the PPK_ID strings be limited to the base64 character set, namely the 64 characters 0-9, A-Z, a-z, + and /. I don't have much experience with the conventions in this space; does it make sense to distinguish between the PPK representation as configured (which would use the base64 alphabet) and the "actual PPK" that could be binary after, e.g., a base64-decoding step? I guess it could be reasonable to rely on the ability of the PRF to take an arbitrary-length input and just have sufficient entropy even while limiting the PPK value to the base64 alphabet. The PPK_ID type value 0 is reserved; values 3-127 are reserved for IANA; values 128-255 are for private use among mutually consenting parties. I guess that anything done in the 128-255 range could also be done under the PPK_ID_OPAQUE space (at the cost of an extra octet), but I don't object to this breakdown. Section 5.2.1 I'm kind of confused by the PSKC reference, especially the implication ("algorithm ("Algorithm=urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:keyprov:pskc:pin") as the PIN") that a fixed string is to be used as a PIN. (I also think it's better to discuss what it does as "key transport" than "key exchange", noting that the latter string does not appear in RFC 6030.) Section 5.2.2 It is possible to use a single PPK for a group of users. Since each peer uses classical public key cryptography in addition to PPK for key exchange and authentication, members of the group can neither impersonate each other nor read other's traffic, unless they use Quantum Computers to break public key operations. However group members can record other members' traffic and decrypt it later, when they get access to a Quantum Computer. nit: I suggest "can record any traffic they have access to that comes from other group members and decrypt it later", since just being a group member does not grant one a universal network tap. In addition, the fact that the PPK is known to a (potentially large) group of users makes it more susceptible to theft. When an attacker equipped with a Quantum Computer got access to a group PPK, all communications inside the group are revealed. nit: s/got/gets/ Section 5.2.3 PPK-only authentication can be achieved in IKEv2 if NULL Authentication method [RFC7619] is employed. Without PPK the NULL nit: "the NULL Authentication method" (the next/trimmed sentence gets it right already). Section 6 We should document the privacy considerations of the PPK_ID both in the face of an attacker with a quantum computer (now or in the future) and in the face of a classical attacker. The latter would, IIUC, need to be an active MITM in order to see anything other than N(USE_PPK), and who would also get IDi along with the PPK_ID value, so there's not much of a change in the privacy stance. Quantum computers are able to perform Grover's algorithm; that effectively halves the size of a symmetric key. Because of this, the user SHOULD ensure that the postquantum preshared key used has at least 256 bits of entropy, in order to provide 128-bit security level. nit: missing article (maybe "provide a 128-bit security level"?) Section 3 requires the initiator to abort the initial exchange if using PPKs is mandatory for it, but the responder might not include the USE_PPK notification in the response. In this situation when the nit: I suggest s/, but the responder might not include/but the responder does not include/ initiator aborts negotiation he leaves half-open IKE SA on the responder (because IKE_SA_INIT completes successfully from the responder's point of view). This half-open SA will eventually expire nits: comma after "In this situation", and s/half-open/a half-open/ [RFC8019] for more detail). It is RECOMMENDED that implementations in this situation cache the negative result of negotiation for some time and don't make attempts to create it again for some time, because this is a result of misconfiguration and probably some re- configuration of the peers is needed. Is this "implementations" as initiators, responders, or both? removing USE_PPK notification from the IKE_SA_INIT and forging digital signatures in the subsequent exchange. If using PPKs is mandatory for at least one of the peers or PSK is used for authentication, then the attack will be detected and the SA won't be created. side note(?): Up in Section 5.2.3 we talk about PPK-only authentication, but here we talk about PSK authentication. I believe those are distinct things (and thus that there's nothing to change in the text), but am checking just to be sure. If using PPKs is mandatory for the initiator, then an attacker capable to eavesdrop and to inject packets into the network can prevent creating IKE SA by mounting the following attack. The attacker intercepts the initial request containing the USE_PPK notification and injects the forget response containing no USE_PPK. nits: s/capable to/able to/, s/creating IKE SA/creating an IKE SA/, s/the forget response/a forged response/ (note both the->a and t->d in the last one). If the attacker manages to inject this packet before the responder sends a genuine response, then the initiator would abort the exchange. To thwart this kind of attack it is RECOMMENDED, that if using PPKs is mandatory for the initiator and the received response doesn't contain the USE_PPK notification, then the initiator doesn't abort the exchange immediately, but instead waits some time for more responses (possibly retransmitting the request). If all the received I expect that some reviewer is going to note that this recommendation only occurs in the security considerations section and suggest moving it to the body of the document, and also that we will be asked to give more concrete guidance about "some time". I don't think either change is critical to make, but consider yourself forewarned... Section 7 We should have a registration template for what information new registration requests should include. (In particular, since we allow changing entries, a "change controller" and contact information will be needed.) I suggest including a column for "reference to specification (if available)", even though the "Expert Review" policy does not strictly require one. We could also provide some guidance to the DEs as to what criteria they may or may not want to apply in deciding whether to approve or reject a registration request. Appendix A The idea behind this document is that while a Quantum Computer can easily reconstruct the shared secret of an (EC)DH exchange, they cannot as easily recover a secret from a symmetric exchange. This makes the SK_d, and hence the IPsec KEYMAT and any child SA's SKEYSEED, depend on both the symmetric PPK, and also the Diffie- Hellman exchange. If we assume that the attacker knows everything nit: I think we need to say "This document [makes the SK_D...]", since otherwise the pronoun seems to refer back to the property of the QC. O(2^(n/2)) time to recover the PPK. So, even if the (EC)DH can be trivially solved, the attacker still can't recover any key material (except for the SK_ei, SK_er, SK_ai, SK_ar values for the initial IKE exchange) unless they can find the PPK, which is too difficult if the PPK has enough entropy (for example, 256 bits). Note that we do nit: closing "and" for the list of SK_* values. Another goal of this protocol is to minimize the number of changes within the IKEv2 protocol, and in particular, within the cryptography of IKEv2. By limiting our changes to notifications, and adjusting the SK_d, SK_pi, SK_pr, it is hoped that this would be implementable, even on systems that perform most of the IKEv2 processing in hardware. nit: I suggest s/adjusting/only adjusting/ A fourth goal was to avoid violating any of the security goals of IKEv2. nit: It is sometimes considered good style to avoid using the same word too much in close succession (here, "goal"); would it change the meaning to say "the security properties provided by IKEv2"? Thanks, Ben
- [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2-… Benjamin Kaduk
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Paul Wouters
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Benjamin Kaduk
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Valery Smyslov
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Benjamin Kaduk
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Paul Wouters
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Valery Smyslov
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Valery Smyslov
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Valery Smyslov
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Paul Wouters
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Scott Fluhrer (sfluhrer)
- [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2-… Tero Kivinen
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Tero Kivinen
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Benjamin Kaduk
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Benjamin Kaduk
- Re: [IPsec] AD review of draft-ietf-ipsecme-qr-ik… Valery Smyslov