Re: [Cfrg] how can CFRG improve cryptography in the Internet?

[Geoffrey Waters <[e-mail]>]

Certification/Qualification is an expensive process.  Engineers under schedule pressure will use whatever is qualified, and gets the job done.  

We need an entity with the knowledge, resources, and reputation to say 'this algorithm is good for this purpose'. 

We thought NIST was that entity.  They've damaged their reputation.  Anyone planning to implement an algorithm standardized by NIST which hasn't gone through an open and transparent competition?

If NIST doesn't run open and transparent competitions for future algorithms, the world will look to some other organization to do it.  If there isn't a single organization we all trust, algorithm selection will fragment along national lines.  CFRG/IRTF can tell NIST how to earn back its reputation, CFRG/IRTF can step into the vacuum created by an untrustworthy NIST, or CRFG/IRTF can start cultivating NIST's replacement as the internationally recognized and trusted 'certifier' of crypto algorithms.

-----Original Message-----
From: Cfrg [mailto:[e-mail]] On Behalf Of Rene Struik
Sent: Thursday, February 13, 2014 12:21 PM
To: Hannes Tschofenig; David McGrew
Cc: [e-mail]
Subject: Re: [Cfrg] how can CFRG improve cryptography in the Internet?

To me, this seems to be an entirely new perspective on what it means to be an engineer or scientist :(((.

==
So, why would you care when things are going fine anyway?

On 2/12/2014 12:11 PM, Hannes Tschofenig wrote:
> Hi Rene,
>
> my impression was that until recently many IETF participants just 
> trusted NIST to do the right thing. So, why would you care when things 
> are going fine anyway?
>
> During the last few months that impression might have changed a bit 
> and there might be more energy to improve transparency and to explore 
> new directions.
>
> Ciao
> Hannes
>
> On 02/10/2014 08:05 PM, Rene Struik wrote:
>> Hi Hannes:
>>
>> Historically, not that many CFRG/IETF people seem to have 
>> participated in solicitations for public review of NIST draft 
>> publications. I wonder, therefore, what makes you feel this would 
>> change dramatically, should CFRG/IETF take on an effort as complement 
>> or partially duplicated effort of what NIST has already done.
>>
>> Note - data suggests this has been pretty consistent over time, both 
>> for the last solicited draft crypto recommendation review and for 
>> those in the last few years.
>>
>> Best regards, Rene
>>
>> ==
>> [excerpt of email Hannes Tschofenig, February 7,2014, 4:37pm EST]
>>
>> b) I do, however, believe that the CFRG could play an interesting role.
>> I am curious whether it would be possible to move some of the tasks 
>> that are currently done in NIST to the IRTF, namely the cryptographic 
>> algorithm selections. I know that this is a job that is today not 
>> done by the IETF/IRTF but I believe it could be done since the ingredients are:
>> * open and transparent process for publishing, commenting, and 
>> selecting an algorithm
>> * a suitable way for publishing these documents.
>>
>> On 2/10/2014 2:18 PM, David McGrew wrote:
>>> HI Hannes,
>>>
>>> On 02/07/2014 04:37 PM, Hannes Tschofenig wrote:
>>>> Hi David,
>>>>
>>>> good discussion points.
>>>>
>>>> Here are my views:
>>>>
>>>> a) If we look at the problems at the entire Internet software 
>>>> lifecycle, as I did in 
>>>> http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tschofenig-perpass-surveillance-01
>>>> , then I believe it is fair to say that the problems at the level 
>>>> of cryptographic primitives are the least challenging issues with 
>>>> Internet security. That's good news.
>>> thanks for chiming in, I think you are right regarding primitives; 
>>> let me note that weak protocols and insecure deployment practices are
>>> perfectly in scope for CFRG  as well as primitives.   But the other
>>> major category of weakness, widespread exploitable vulnerabilities 
>>> in software implementations, is one that is hugely important, and which
>>> is out of scope for CFRG.   The problem of exploitable vulnerabilities
>>> doesn't get the air-time that it deserves, relative to the other
>>> issues.   An exploit could force its victim to do all sorts of bad
>>> cryptographic practices, such as leak a key in an IV, or use a fixed 
>>> or low-entropy key.
>>>
>>>> The problems you mentioned with RADIUS have little to do with work 
>>>> that would be done in the CFRG. RADIUS, similarly to Diameter, does 
>>>> not offer end-to-end security and that's something that could be 
>>>> fixed in the IETF (and there is work ongoing in the DIME working 
>>>> group for Diameter at least). The main challenge, however, is the 
>>>> attitude problem of those deploying the protocol.
>>> I agree about the attitude, but I don't agree that CFRG couldn't
>>> help.    Surely we don't need new crypto mechanisms to solve the
>>> problems with RADIUS, but analyzing and documenting security issues 
>>> and helping to socialize them with the IETF and the user base are 
>>> all in charter and are worth doing.
>>>
>>>> b) I do, however, believe that the CFRG could play an interesting role.
>>>> I am curious whether it would be possible to move some of the tasks 
>>>> that are currently done in NIST to the IRTF, namely the 
>>>> cryptographic algorithm selections. I know that this is a job that 
>>>> is today not done by the IETF/IRTF but I believe it could be done 
>>>> since the ingredients
>>>> are:
>>>> * open and transparent process for publishing, commenting, and 
>>>> selecting an algorithm
>>>> * a suitable way for publishing these documents.
>>>>
>>>> Doing this work in a global standards organization also gives it 
>>>> more credibility. I am also confident that the IETF/IRTF community 
>>>> could reach out to researchers working on hash algorithms, 
>>>> encryption algorithms, etc.
>>>>
>>>> Just a thought...
>>> Agree that IETF is and should be willing to act as an international 
>>> standards body for crypto, and that CFRG could support that process.
>>> We need to be careful not to over-commit in this area, but if the 
>>> IETF wanted CFRG to vet some crypto standards options, we should be 
>>> able to do that.
>>>
>>> David
>>>
>>>> Ciao
>>>> Hannes
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> On 02/07/2014 07:04 PM, David McGrew wrote:
>>>>> Hi All,
>>>>>
>>>>> it is healthy to have a discussion on what CFRG and IETF can do 
>>>>> differently to improve security and privacy in the Internet.
>>>>>
>>>>> Ultimately, we are not limited by the current CFRG charter, but 
>>>>> rather by our collective willingness to do the work that needs to 
>>>>> be done, and I suppose on our ability to develop enough rough consensus about what
>>>>> needs to be done.   We do have a charter that we need to stick to at
>>>>> present, but we can do more within that charter, and we can consider
>>>>> changes to the charter if we think those are needed.   (Though note
>>>>> that
>>>>> we would need to get those changes approved.)
>>>>>
>>>>> An approach that might work for us is to develop replacement 
>>>>> mechanisms for the ones in current use that we think need to be 
>>>>> replaced, keeping in mind that the actual replacement might take 
>>>>> ten years or so, or might
>>>>> never happen.   At the same time, we can document the problems with
>>>>> existing mechanisms, to help provide a motivation for that replacement.
>>>>>
>>>>> It is worthwhile to keep in mind the interoperability problems 
>>>>> that can be caused by changes in cryptography, and the inertia 
>>>>> created by all of those millions of crypto implementations that are currently in
>>>>> use.   We
>>>>> can't expect new crypto to appear in a five year old piece of 
>>>>> software that is no longer supported by its creator, for instance, 
>>>>> and that will slow down adoption of newer crypto, no matter how much better it is.
>>>>> As a practical matter, we also need to realize that many users of 
>>>>> cryptography believe that there is no economic justification for 
>>>>> deploying new crypto until breaking the old crypto scheme is so easy
>>>>> that a script kiddie can do it with a backtrack CD-ROM.   The burden is
>>>>> on us to provide this justification.
>>>>>
>>>>> At the same time, I share the frustration that too much bad 
>>>>> cryptography is in use, which should have been replaced long ago. 
>>>>> The fact that it might take years to replace is no excuse not to 
>>>>> start the process now.
>>>>> I'm thinking of RADIUS and other protocols that are used with 
>>>>> human-generated passwords (and are not PAKE systems) in
>>>>> particular.   It
>>>>> would be *great* to have CFRG document what protocols are bad, and 
>>>>> how bad they are, in a way that we could demonstrate expert 
>>>>> consensus on our opinions. If we did a decent job, I bet we could 
>>>>> get a slot in front of
>>>>> the IESG or some other responsible IETF group.   I am confident
>>>>> that, if
>>>>> we can offer IETF good information about the security of current 
>>>>> standards, they will find a way to propagate and use that information.
>>>>>
>>>>> An aside: a history of crypto protocols at IETF might provide some 
>>>>> useful perspective; maybe a couple of people who were involved would be
>>>>> willing to write up something?    It might be useful to focus on one
>>>>> case study where things were done wrong, and one where things were 
>>>>> done right.
>>>>>
>>>>> David
>>>>>
>>>>> On 02/07/2014 12:10 PM, Watson Ladd wrote:
>>>>>> On Fri, Feb 7, 2014 at 8:39 AM, Blumenthal, Uri - 0558 - MITLL 
>>>>>> <[e-mail]> wrote:
>>>>>>> Don Johnson, for one. Carl Meyer. (Yes, those guys who invented 
>>>>>>> Lucifer and DES ciphers.)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> You keep forgetting (or simply aren't old enough to be aware?) 
>>>>>>> of how things were done back when the "Cryptography: The New 
>>>>>>> Dimension" book was published.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The standard was "MAC, then Encrypt", and it had reasons for 
>>>>>>> doing things in that order. In fact, SNMP was the first IETF 
>>>>>>> protocol (circa 1992-1994) to diverge from that approach, and it 
>>>>>>> took some flak for not doing what was the conventional wisdom of that day.
>>>>>> Was that flack informed? Or was it coming from people who didn't 
>>>>>> really understand the mathematics behind crypto? Were those 
>>>>>> reasons informed? Just because everyone was making the same 
>>>>>> mistakes doesn't make those mistakes less serious. Even if we 
>>>>>> make Bellare-Nampare the point at which no one should have done 
>>>>>> MAC then Encrypt, that was 13 years ago. Bard explained BEAST 9 years before the demonstration.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The best you can say is that the TLS WG was woefully slow in 
>>>>>> responding to the changing situation.
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Since then the priorities and the attacks changed, and now 
>>>>>>> "Encrypt-then-MAC" is the standard.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Watson, I'd like to join other suggesting that you become less 
>>>>>>> combative here. I'm not a "peacenik" myself, but any patience 
>>>>>>> has a limit.
>>>>>> What should the CFRG and the IETF do more broadly to ensure that 
>>>>>> blunders as serious as the ones above don't happen again? What 
>>>>>> has the CFRG done to ensure that other 90's era protocols have 
>>>>>> these problems addressed, particularly when the WGs responsible have disbanded?
>>>>>> Should we simply let sleeping dogs lie, and work on ensuring that 
>>>>>> new protocols don't make similar mistakes?
>>>>>> I'm here to fix the problems: explain what I need to do to fix 
>>>>>> them, and I'll do it.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Sincerely,
>>>>>> Watson
>>>>>>> --
>>>>>>> Regards,
>>>>>>> Uri Blumenthal                            Voice: [phone]
>>>>>>> Cyber Systems and Technology   Fax:   [phone]
>>>>>>> MIT Lincoln Laboratory                Cell:  [phone]
>>>>>>> 244 Wood Street                        Email: <[e-mail]>
>>>>>>> Lexington, MA  02420-9185
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Web:  http://www.ll.mit.edu/CST/
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> MIT LL Root CA:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> <https://www.ll.mit.edu/labcertificateauthority.html>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> DSN:   478-5980 ask Lincoln ext.1638
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> ----- Original Message -----
>>>>>>> From: Watson Ladd [mailto:[e-mail]]
>>>>>>> Sent: Friday, February 07, 2014 11:28 AM
>>>>>>> To: Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos <[e-mail]>
>>>>>>> Cc: [e-mail] <[e-mail]>
>>>>>>> Subject: Re: [Cfrg] NSA sabotaging crypto standards
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Fri, Feb 7, 2014 at 8:11 AM, Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos 
>>>>>>> <[e-mail]> wrote:
>>>>>>>> On 02/07/2014 04:59 PM, Watson Ladd wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> But let's go into detail about how well the cryptographers did 
>>>>>>>>> in TLS.
>>>>>>>>> In 1995 Phil Rogaway tells everyone to use encrypt-then-MAC.
>>>>>>>> I believe you are oversimplifying things. Indeed Rogaway 
>>>>>>>> suggested encrypt-then-MAC, but other cryptographers were 
>>>>>>>> suggesting MAC-then-Encrypt (authenticate what is meant not what is sent).
>>>>>>>> There
>>>>>>>> was also no attack known for MAC-then-encrypt.
>>>>>>> Show me one cryptographer who recommended MAC-then-Encrypt.
>>>>>>> Also, absence of known attacks is not the same as absence of attacks.
>>>>>>> Encrypt-then-MAC was the conservative choice.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> In general it is very easy to see the obvious solution 20 years 
>>>>>>>> later, but the challenge is to properly decide at the right 
>>>>>>>> time.
>>>>>>> It was obvious then: encrypt-then-MAC was known secure, while 
>>>>>>> MAC-then-encrypt was not.
>>>>>>> Any excuse vanishes with Bellare-Nampare (2000). Of course, even 
>>>>>>> if we take the best interpretation, the TLS WG frittered away 9 
>>>>>>> years after being informed of an attack.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Sincerely,
>>>>>>> Watson Ladd
>>>>>>>> regards,
>>>>>>>> Nikos
>>>>>>>>
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>>>>>>> Temporary Safety deserve neither  Liberty nor Safety."
>>>>>>> -- Benjamin Franklin
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