Re: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited

[Hesham ElBakoury <[e-mail]>]

Thanks Evangelos for the update.
Hesham


On Thu, May 18, 2023, 7:03 AM <[e-mail]> wrote:

> Greetings Hesham,
>
>
>
> Thanks for the links.
>
> The youtube link (https://youtu.be/adElYIbthy4) is from last year’s p4
> workshop. While the talk discusses the concept and ideas behind P4TC,
> however from an implementation point of view, P4TC has evolved.
>
> Initially eBPF was not included with P4TC, but after some intense
> experimentation and measurements, it became clear that having eBPF for
> datapath implementation had some non-negligent gains in performance, losing
> however some of the initial goals of flexibility and scriptability.
>
> To this end the current iteration has an xor of the two options specified
> in the previous email.
>
>
>
> The outcome of the experimentation and measurements were presented by
> Jamal at this year’s P4 workshop, but to my knowledge there is no public
> video right now of the presentation.
>
>
>
> Regards,
>
> Evangelos.
>
>
>
>
>
> *From:* Coin <[e-mail]> *On Behalf Of *Hesham ElBakoury
> *Sent:* Thursday, May 18, 2023 2:40 AM
> *To:* [e-mail]
> *Cc:* hemant=[e-mail]; Bernier, Daniel <
> [e-mail]>; Toerless Eckert <[e-mail]>; Marie-Jose
> Montpetit <[e-mail]>; coin <[e-mail]>; coinrg-chairs <
> [e-mail]>
> *Subject:* Re: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited
>
>
>
> Hi Evangelos,
>
> Here is the last presentation you coauthored with Jamal on P4TC:
>
> https://youtu.be/adElYIbthy4
>
>
>
> Jamal has this page in github about P4TC:
> https://github.com/p4tc-dev/docs/blob/main/why-p4tc.md
>
>
>
> Any more recent info?
>
>
>
> Thanks
>
> Hesham
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Wed, May 17, 2023, 4:05 PM <[e-mail]> wrote:
>
> Greetings to all,
>
> Very interesting discussion so far with a lot of interesting points. What
> interested me the most are the key points that P4 BMv2 is not sufficient
> for real world PoCs and there is a real need in the community for ways to
> new ideas on real environments, without having the need for specialized or
> expensive hardware. P4PI is one alternative.
>
> However, P4TC (https://www.p4tc.dev/), which Hemant referred to, has been
> developed for some time now and has become more mature, tries to overcome
> these issues and provide, as Jeff pointed out, a much needed open and
> widespread ecosystem for developing.
>
> P4TC is a P4 kernel-native implementation on top of the Linux Traffic
> Control (TC) that facilitates both a kernel-based software datapath and
> hardware datapath offload. By virtue of using TC, an operator could execute
> one or more P4 programs 1) entirely in the kernel datapath (baremetal,
> containers, VMs), 2) offload them entirely to hardware or run in a hybrid
> mode where some programs run in software and others in hardware 3) for each
> P4 program put part of the pipeline or table in hardware and part in
> software exception datapath. P4TC will be accompanied with the P4C compiler
> that will be used to generate the necessary artifacts that are used to
> manifest the P4 program in the kernel.
>
> P4TC not only strives to allow for expression of both PNA and PSA P4
> programs but also for extensions for the sake of experimentation or
> creation of new ideas. Additionally, the software and hardware datapaths
> are intended to have the same functional behavior i.e an input X into
> either will produce an output Y. This implies that the software datapath
> can be used as a behavioral model definition for a P4 program that can be
> tested and validated in absence of hardware - and when offloaded would be
> expected to behave as it did in software. The aforementioned features make
> P4TC a strong candidate to replace BMv2 for practical industry and academic
> use cases.
>
> P4TC and the respective compiler will be delivered as open source.
>
> The current iteration of P4TC contains either a Partial TC/XDP eBPF(parser
> only) and P4TC being aware of parser, or a Hybrid approach of scriptable
> P4TC and eBPF at TC and XDP, using kfunc APIs to overcome eBPF's
> limitations.
>
> Regards,
> Evangelos.
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Coin <[e-mail]> On Behalf Of hemant=
> [e-mail]
> Sent: Wednesday, May 17, 2023 9:10 PM
> To: 'Bernier, Daniel' <[e-mail]>; 'Toerless Eckert' <
> [e-mail]>; 'Hesham ElBakoury' <[e-mail]>
> Cc: 'Marie-Jose Montpetit' <[e-mail]>; 'coin' <[e-mail]>;
> [e-mail]
> Subject: Re: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited
>
> P4toTC has ETA of Dec. 2023 and no compiler is open-source yet.
>
> Hemant
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Bernier, Daniel <[e-mail]>
> Sent: Tuesday, May 16, 2023 9:00 PM
> To: 'Toerless Eckert' <[e-mail]>; Hesham ElBakoury <
> [e-mail]>
> Cc: [e-mail]; 'Marie-Jose Montpetit' <[e-mail]>;
> 'coin' <[e-mail]>; [e-mail]
> Subject: RE: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited
>
> Hi all,
>
> Interesting discussion although I think it went WAY overboard __
>
> However, it is achieved and on which ever target it is achieved, what we
> want is an open and accessible (sometimes through commercial agreement)
> method to program the a forwarding pipeline and hopefully at some point do
> more than create, modify or readjust packet operations.
> Now in my mind there is no best or worse target since all have a role to
> play and sometimes target decision has nothing to do with its efficiency.
>
> Example: Ericsson UPF wants to offload UPF, has no commercially viable
> ASIC based offering (they partner with Juniper MX) so, obviously they would
> prefer a DPU approach. But if they could, wouldn't they prefer an ASIC due
> to $ rationale compared to CPU/DPU (power, cost, etc.) ... think FWA for
> millions of subscribers. And yes, sometimes ASICs will be better but for
> OPEX efficiency (software agility, cloud native principles, scarcity of
> skilled resources, etc.) other vendors will stay towards CPU architectures
> (look at evolution of OpenBNG efforts).
>
> Now, what Tofino achieved is prove to the world that it was possible to
> create a cost efficient, performant fully programmable (missing the TM
> component here) silicon with the added benefit of creating a highly
> creative ecosystem of customers, academics, vendors, etc. Hopefully, people
> will remember what P4 exposed to the network industry (from IETF draft
> pseudo-code to HW representation in less than a week).
>
> As per targets, all have their strengths and flaws. VPP is a great
> workhorse and ideal for virtual functions data plane, so if you want to
> build a terabit virtual router perfect but you need programmability ninjas.
> As a cloud native or application-oriented data path, I would turn my eyes
> towards eBPF and even efforts at a P4TC, P4OVS, P4EBPF are diminutive to
> the reach and flexibility of native eBPF.
>
> SAI is completely different to me its benefit is to avoid the dreaded
> multi-vendor RFC interop dance. I know what behaviors I want out of my
> multi-terabit ASIC, make sure it is implemented in SAI and then have the
> vendors conform to it. I could achieve similarly the same result by making
> my vendors conform to a P4 program, but it won't guarantee an ecosystem of
> silicon support.
>
> And in conclusion, whatever the language, we already know that in a few
> years some sort of GenAI will be our API to express forwarding intents and
> will then derive autogenerated code (whatever language) and compile to the
> proper targets __
>
> PS : in the context of COIN, purpose is to achieve computation in whatever
> form of processing power is available in the network. If to achieve it I
> need to deploy DPUs all over the place, ain't that just MEC ?
>
> Cheers,
>
> Dan B
>
> On 2023-05-16, 8:12 PM, "Coin on behalf of 'Toerless Eckert'" <
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]> on behalf of
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>> wrote:
>
>
> As soon as you see the first published research paper using NPL, pls. let
> me know ;-)
>
>
> On Tue, May 16, 2023 at 11:11:56AM -0700, Hesham ElBakoury wrote:
> > I checked with Broadcom and I was told that NPI language is not
> proprietary
> > and is open. However, NPL DIY with toolchain is a licensed product.
> Broadcom
> > does not have NPL API like P4Runtime API.
> >
> > Hesham
> >
> > On 5/15/2023 1:19 PM, [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]> wrote:
> > >
> > > Broadcom NPL is proprietary, and Broadcom develops customer code in NPL
> > > for switch. Further Trident/Jericho 2 are 10-12 Tbps asics while Octeon
> > > 10 is a 1 Tbps asic. My company’s P4 compiler makes Octeon P4
> > > programmable.
> > >
> > > Hemant
> > >
> > > *From:* Hesham ElBakoury <[e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>>
> > > *Sent:* Monday, May 15, 2023 3:28 PM
> > > *To:* [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>; 'Toerless Eckert' <
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>; 'Marie-Jose
> > > Montpetit' <[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> > > *Cc:* 'coin' <[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>;
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>
> > > *Subject:* Re: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited
> > >
> > > How you compare Marvel Octeon 10 with Broadcom Trident and Jericho 2
> > > devices which use NPL (https://nplang.org <https://nplang.org>).
> > >
> > > Hesham
> > >
> > > Toerless,
> > >
> > > This is the latest network processor which supports use in a switch or
> nic.
> > >
> > >
> https://www.marvell.com/content/dam/marvell/en/company/media-kit/octeon-10/marvell-octeon-10-media-deck.pdf
> <
> https://www.marvell.com/content/dam/marvell/en/company/media-kit/octeon-10/marvell-octeon-10-media-deck.pdf
> >
> > >
> > > This is your Tofino replacement with hardware available from Marvell
> and P4 compiler and tools chain available from my company.
> > >
> > > Hemant
> > >
> > > -----Original Message-----
> > >
> > > From: Coin<[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> <mailto:[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>> On Behalf
> Of Toerless Eckert
> > >
> > > Sent: Monday, May 15, 2023 1:04 PM
> > >
> > > To: Marie-Jose Montpetit<[e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>> <mailto:[e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>>
> > >
> > > Cc: coin<[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>> <mailto:[e-mail]
> <mailto:[e-mail]>>;[e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>
> > >
> > > Subject: Re: [Coin] Fwd: The Future of P4, Revisited
> > >
> > > Thanks, Marie-Jose
> > >
> > > IMHO:
> > >
> > > - P4 in research short-term:
> > >
> > > Researchers can not do real-world relevant PoC with just BMV2, because
> it has no constraints.
> > >
> > > All those papers claiming some problem can be solved with P4 and then
> just use BMV2 are just
> > >
> > > so painful to read/listen-to. We really need a BMV2 with the exact
> constraints of Tofino,
> > >
> > > and given how Intel is deinvesting from Tofino, maybe they would
> finally be willing to
> > >
> > > publish those constraints outside of NDA so this can be implemented
> into BMV2.
> > >
> > > - SmartNICs:
> > >
> > > P4 is not the right DSL for SmartNICs even if Intel may say so because
> they want to
> > >
> > > sell SmartNICs and have a brand with P4. SmartNICs are much more
> flexible, and programming then
> > >
> > > in P4 constraints you. If you don't know anything better, try eBPF.
> That is AFAIK the
> > >
> > > most widely adopted DSL today to span general purpose CPU (host/router
> CPU), and SmartNICs.
> > >
> > > SmartNICs are a great target FPE for forwarding plane features you do
> not need on every hop,
> > >
> > > but for example only on few "can be more expensive" hops. WAN
> interface of site-edge-routers
> > >
> > > (Campus, Home, WAN) for example. But do not try to assume they would
> be used beyond that
> > >
> > > (on every hop == especially on higher aggregation speed links!).
> > >
> > > - P4/Coin for higher-than-forwarding-plane features:
> > >
> > > With Tofino disappearing, i think we should caution researchers to NOT
> invest cycles trying to
> > >
> > > implement solutions on P4 with the explicit purpose of "abusing"
> Tofino, aka: Program a
> > >
> > > non-forwarding-plane problem solution in P4 in the expectation that a
> fast P4 exeuction
> > >
> > > product like Tofino would be a great alternative/competition to other
> execution platforms
> > >
> > > (SmartNIC, CPU,...). We had several of those great ideas
> presented/shown in Coin, they
> > >
> > > where all about higher than forwarding-plane "compute" problems. But
> very quickly, with
> > >
> > > Tofino aging, i am sure CPU or SmartNIC slutions for the same problems
> can easily be
> > >
> > > shown to be more cost-effective.
> > >
> > > - Long-term forwarding plane research:
> > >
> > > The rejection of the industry (outside Intel) to support P4 for
> researchers on their router/switch
> > >
> > > forwarding planes (for a decade now) should primarily be a trigger for
> research funding
> > >
> > > such as from NSF/EU to better enable long-term forwarding plane
> research. IMHO there
> > >
> > > should simply be a single well funded effort for a Network Programming
> Element (NPE) equivalent
> > >
> > > to RISC-V. Aka: fully open source architecture and instruction set for
> a research NPE,
> > >
> > > competitive to industry products. There are lot of other benefits from
> such an effort
> > >
> > > that could help make that happen.
> > >
> > > Cheers
> > >
> > > Toerless
> > >
> > > On Mon, May 15, 2023 at 03:33:42AM -0700, Marie-Jose Montpetit wrote:
> > >
> > > Interesting article for out community.
> > >
> > > mjm
> > >
> > > Marie-José Montpetit, Ph.D.
> > >
> > > [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>
> > >
> > > From: Larry Peterson from Systems Approach
> > >
> > > <[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> <mailto:[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> <[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> <mailto:[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]
> >>
> > >
> > > Reply: Larry Peterson from Systems Approach
> > >
> > > <reply+1zsws7&rqag0&&3ca860fd966ac1a0bf575ed48379b6645b7df5edc0903e4c5
> > >
> > > [e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>>
> > >
> > > <reply+1zsws7&rqag0&&3ca860fd966ac1a0bf575ed48379b6645b7df5edc0903e4c5
> > >
> > > [e-mail] <mailto:
> [e-mail]>>
> > >
> > > Date: May 15, 2023 at 3:55:52 AM
> > >
> > > To:[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]> <
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> > > <mailto:[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> > >
> > > <[e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>> <mailto:
> [e-mail] <mailto:[e-mail]>>
> > >
> > > Subject: The Future of P4, Revisited
> > >
> > > The P4 Workshop was a couple weeks ago, and as General Chair, I went
> > >
> > > into it with a fair amount of trepidation. My concern was that Intel’s
> > >
> > > announcement earlier this year that they’re cancelling development of
> > >
> > > the Tofino 3 switching chip would have a chilling effect, not only on
> > >
> > > the Workshop, but also on the future of P4. That concern has been
> > >
> > > voiced in several forums ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌
> > >
> > > ‌ ‌ ‌ Open in app
> > >
> > > <https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-
> <
> https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-perspective?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store>
> <
> https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-perspective?utm_source=email&amp;redirect=app-store&gt
> <https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https:/open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-perspective?utm_source=email&amp;redirect=app-store&gt>
> ;>
> > >
> > > perspective?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store>
> > > <
> https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-perspective?utm_source=email&redirect=app-store>
> <
> https://open.substack.com/pub/systemsapproach/p/the-future-of-p4-one-perspective?utm_source=email&amp;redirect=app-store&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > or online
> > >
> > > <https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> <https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https:/substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt>
> ;>
> > >
> > > 2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4T<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > lRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWF<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > YTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmU<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > S50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTI<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > wNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxM<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > zczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGl<
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > yZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> > > <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zeXN0ZW1zYXBwcm9hY2guc3Vic3RhY2suY29tL3AvdGhlLWZ1dHVyZS1vZi1wNC1vbmUtcGVyc3BlY3RpdmU_dG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvME5qVTNOakl5TkN3aWNHOXpkRjlwWkNJNk1USXdOakF4TlRreExDSnBZWFFpT2pFMk9EUXhNemN6TkRrc0ltVjRjQ0k2TVRZNE5qY3lPVE0wT1N3aWFYTnpJam9pY0hWaUxUSTRNemswTXlJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS50UVhzNmRNSG1GRWdMS0I0dlVHNHVHSlRVU0UwTjdVZEFIMXFzajg2bUNBIiwicCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJzIjoyODM5NDMsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjQ2NTc2MjI0LCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN0In0.6L7-AmSfpdLfVXnKIHzqDqYX9u_tCmRVPJC2N9oP8gU?&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > The Future of P4, Revisited
> > >
> > > <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=1206
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=1206&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > 01591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIj<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > o0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > .tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> > > <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=post-email-title&isFreemail=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=post-email-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJpYXQiOjE2ODQxMzczNDksImV4cCI6MTY4NjcyOTM0OSwiaXNzIjoicHViLTI4Mzk0MyIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.tQXs6dMHmFEgLKB4vUG4uGJTUSE0N7UdAH1qsj86mCA&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > Larry Peterson
> > >
> > > <https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> > > <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > May 15
> > >
> > > <https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> > > <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0>
> <
> https://substack.com/redirect/ff29b5a3-7ea9-4b83-b888-b0c517b2bedd?j=eyJ1IjoicnFhZzAifQ.CwdsLjQyIcRXfYRGUucLsXfrvggM3KKa9Z1jxtXNWH0&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > <https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=1206
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&utm_medium=email>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=1206&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&amp;utm_medium=email&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > 01591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&utm_medium=email>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&amp;utm_medium=email&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIs<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&utm_medium=email>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&amp;utm_medium=email&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > ImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIi<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&utm_medium=email>
> <
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&amp;post_id=120601591&amp;utm_source=substack&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;submitLike=true&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&amp;utm_medium=email&gt
> ;>
> > >
> > > wic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&u<
> https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=283943&post_id=120601591&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0NjU3NjIyNCwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTIwNjAxNTkxLCJyZWFjdGlvbiI6IuKdpCIsImlhdCI6MTY4NDEzNzM0OSwiZXhwIjoxNjg2NzI5MzQ5LCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMjgzOTQzIiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.vN6AE7iLQvKkv98V0RaNKEWEX9UdKbdHQdc3nu95Kyg&utm_medium=email>
> <
>
>